"y4OX MIN UsIjSIAA| 404 Iasj-ajddv wimpjog [oop wpr “4 S$ tam THE APPLE INDUSTRY _ OF Wayne and of Orleans Counties, New York AC TAVE SIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF CORNELL UNI-— VERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY Ge FY WARREN ITHACA, NEW YORK 1905 27.8; (2) ¢fo8 , 2 7 Acknowledgments are due to the one thousand or more farmers without whose cooperation the work could not have been done ; to Professor John Craig, at whose suggestion I undertook the work, for many helpful suggestions and for reading the manu- script and proof ; to Director Ll. H. Bailey for many valuable suggestions and for reading the proof ; to Mr. Christian Bues, who was my co-worker in the field work in Orleans County, and who read the manuscript of Part I; to Mr. Cornelius Betten for reading the manuscript ; and to Professor Bonsteel and Mr. Whetzel for reading parts of the proof. Figures 44, 48, 75, 78, 79,82, 92 and-the figures in Part II were furnished by: thé ‘Dépdttment of Horticulture. Figure 85 was furnished by Professé#*SMhé&erland. + 3 (Uy are i me a | 4 i e) & r y ‘ ie a . ~ i 4 is +} = ‘ —— ‘ + a Ay os ed : ey Ud ae j ms ar | ‘ i, 2 ¢ ae f see) UO ae T) S i el 7 i?) Ue oy) Wit wae ‘dd ire bigs ‘ ’ rT fas ¥ hia, Wher “4 PAK! 4. THE APPLE INDUSTRY OF WAYNE COUNTY, NEW YORK. Gur. WARREN. CONTENTS: PAGE. FNYisLibEN@)15) (Cl Celis © INS ceekens torseon eet eee ruin earn kahctoaiat oa stat ah chcdas etch ee ee ee IE 241-247 dies tield works 22.5 c2s + Fe Ta Ae Roath, ESR So tee agate Aen 241 itierdeereet or accuracy OL tie GEPOLtS a. Aai4cnl esa hk cnn eee oe en 24h Niethodmoke makes COMpPUtatiONsa stems one ae sya On ae eee ween 245 Work in Orleans county......... PiEl AUGER SINS Meck baa een e Ea ae ee be 240 GeneralitopsenvationsOnathe worker ens citer ae 4 aalomitd an ieee bee ees Sane) 240 CHAPTER IT: Dine VEAGNIDUDE OR THE CGAPPEE, [INDUSTRY .0ocecccasc- sss s5ea0s 20 ee eo 240-259 MmER ROME tOn per "ca Pitan nase attra e af cras Secs cite nad k ods fates S240 Meemitiderotmtherapplencropencmttis vs cc ees erte ose ala eam sel oes oa peo Piraucicnual Cyaparated: Apples an. esata ce) aiwlow Sea eee Saw he ode el lonsinre 251 Waluerot orchard products of the various: States. ..... 0c. dare cs 10k LENBIRUTIL TWZEATODN ce Gy aeprecol Be Greteol 0 TREE eS OEE OR ey So ee eee 273-277 REEUNZER GMI SEU ius 2p otesyscy Serer Fie Cie A Ee eotoloc sore Sore aie ach oma elepaeodiehe veins ek 273 Fertilization and yield. . SS ISR SRE RE RUN RCRA OR act nO ARI ER oper Cd 29700 Necessity of fraladon., Bae ARES So dN PACE ROR EEE ncaa DET ered ee Relative amounts of plant- oda Lee is ae Bae crop foie ie sie NEVES fet CO [Dies emul eu rer aeae ata Se ino locepayethenaiitircsss Scevevers Pavsrone aaehehotstet fence opal s 274 Memiteershipped in dirotClilese cose: yates. Saree cuiin, ei ba we ocd es deste ee ZO MMominerncectired, by: fecdinasca thle Mens ti. nein «ais oon wooo da sale sce wn fan oes wet 270 Miechoceaivappl vine: ManULe Syd ance asee wee nsw pn iod es oes estes olaleetea dine vu 277 METRO Mita eat, a sh a aks ciel arses ee Nee into am eae wehte et 227 237 238 BULLETIN 2206. CHIAIPAR BIR Vie PAGE. BPRUINIING 5505 5 50) «3 sod.0 3 ious Sedo tocceee Cee MEME Ne aces et) fete sc FT eNO Hormer. methods of pruninssy hae Gen oe See ec ee Eow “wounds: heal: 2/35. i etecaewepipepees sreccc si ccees oer eae eae een Removal ‘of large limbsinn7 55) eee pene ene selec ae eee 270 sao) 40 agen 8) bb Ub bn A GRE ML ear er eK yr a RAMTEC TN oy ASO Use of paint on -wounds.. fan) tae co cane a eee ieee ce GRRE eee Thinning the: topsse ors. cee ote oe ace fy ce Ce Oe oe. Le: See 284 Pruning should vary with the thrift of the trees... ........ .. 4.2...) sep aeeneow ‘Phe’ best: time LO sprune ss ae 5 «th easy Re Leena) Sean ae 285 Flow ‘to treat Crotches: faseestne te ie cs ehuctet St galeet ce noarerersitis Siemens eae AO Number: (of) sscattold limbs. 9... ason ewer oor OSU Renee orale eee 287 CHAPTERINE SPRAWING!". Sea Coste cw tyer sos ee eet aah SSS AOE E CO SO Te ne LR a Da Whe “extent: of the practicest.x. ss... Seaak © oboe oes 3 Saree ce eee eee Relation of sprayime to yieldsyandipricess- er ote eee eerie ee ane Kinds ‘of sprays t1sed 2/25 a. sete cin ae toe bicy cxcrens eesuor Uni sr oa ake ve a eT The ‘bést timé to sptay::. 20-22 a6. ec 5 pe aie 2 et sopee cece ete Oe ee Wanter treatment for apple=scalbe i.e ee coke Cane ee eee On Method of applyane-the-spray. a: eres. ae cs cee iehateieeit acre eae eee 293 Russetine Of the: Leuba eratsrotslo cess 6 ee rays toast Cocalo EMT ha ee A Damage to foliage: from) Sprayimee eects etes soci ere ae ere ei eee CHAPTER Val. RENOVATING AN APPLE ORCHARD IN WESTERN New York. By Christian OL) te ane ee re et ee eee a ny A Sek SO ears Sirsa oe op tacicl o’o 2.2 ZO)S= lS CHAPTER VII. NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE AND DISTANCE BETWEEN TREES................ 2090-307 Number ‘of trees ‘per aere fv s o.oo elects mie melee eee ens oe) Trees planted too. closely 2.ck 2...) ee aa woe ae ee oes oe ee 2909 Effects of. close’ planting on yields and” health-=.=-....-- see eee Oo Nop-gralting, OT prinine every sotner Owens eit eisene ieee nee eens es FLO WAtO..Plaitns anc hctacccrate, «State aire eee I oS oie 305 JAGE (OF THE:)-ORGHLARDS 's:/sic- cise asa conees she aha Lat ooe vee Laws ich ray shee bols Nos aanO lis As eee Ae a Ia LE Date of ‘plamting....0.ceir 62 ee tere e atts otitis ne orl meek oteee stare Yields at different:ages:: 30.2. 285 8 SS PS Planting vyoung. sorchards es 625 x jc pie ilar e rein saw: «loi lo) teste Yes CHAPTER IX. Sores AND SOIL PROBLEMS# fic. cidalea ieee = scat) ere Metco eee Rea eal gel oie) teem LG eer ToroGRAPHY—1 opographical: regions... \02 5 faye e mye mom rai Fide eel re AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 239 PAGE. ous Snes OUML Dest ea nots iene te at les Oh et dvs” wale SS MITAiI AS EOL Ve MO ai ements pee Meee! ees le Me ee Coeds, tals Yio’ see 316 PNILO MES COI Var OME Pay waned cra? oon is, oan Re aan i eas on 316 NiGerinith: Cilite Galtier sees tenner teacc aa macy thks ieee ea Ss tyes check cera ee. Ibias EVNGONRTMUGL ot hs A oo ye ie oN Se ee SP Re B17, Oniasioucoravelver loan ke ete a ae <'erwks buciahe Mannee wee bk tiene aC B17, NG AtONMO le tleRSOllmtonvicldmole appl esas ce einem cision 2 307) SUI aeymO meters Obata ctOn aay selectins ee. c1as ote cuctniere = tencieersensers 318 DRAINAGE sherman ailey digalinae ONre rare a Where eos) o cc tdivaice oats we (abla cue Meee whe 319 MOSsestcausedupyalackwonr (dnaima genes oni cica tee ae ae oe oO : CHALCT EROS EON ON Ser ANDES EOSURES tyes wtih) Sargnem ts sea ae foie Eee oh. Shade Mat cha 325—320 SHG eee SPE Oe ES BEERS TE RSET TRU e EST RE TELA D MROR NS Sab Ee 01 Relation of a sites aia viele a Aa sen ae At ee Sede A i co gs a 325 Aispects, or expostires....... ini ei tie Gin RRM OIE rE ROME, RSs dumicitic Dt inet oe are Cas Relation of the aspects and wud feat Seb ORO a aeai OM darken A Polk a ee alan 326 GHAR TERS XT \ COMPARISON OF RENTED ORCHARDS WITH THOSE MANAGED BY THE OWNER, 327-329 (CRAY Ohi IASG GARE TES ee ay. g Meas Austkats ere caren eae Bier tein Dien ne 327 Binecisnon theynentallsystenl on the onchandS=. ss. coo eclrrsraseieere cee. or 227; Suecestions ana: remections om the rented farm. -..... 2... sss... dees os 22) 320 CHAPTER’ Xt: \WOAIRIIB TIDES on3 Ses ibe ces NP rm atcty Meee Ike aT ale Ee oe RE aoa 330-332 MM eRY Ate BIS ReoT Ore i, So cvorctnaie csoteuavele athe taba tha susie ofayticaicetcac ahd ope elevmonerene stand 330 Variations within the variety—the selection of scions..................-. 330 CHAP DE Ry Snir: eainiemase Ob TEEN APPT B es S/S Uh ee La, atk ae neers Llane Gee melee Maine o. 333>348 IOS OtetenimOne Serious, EMeTMIES sch sacs 4 ee mae sa ok bela ato be edrorene was © 1333 Dee Aepin- SEAR HUNGUS—I ts eimportanlee y :.(. 2ac.los see i dike JUIUTLOT TL JUISIAT -Q “4UIL aYJ0 Adana prunrg pyar MON "Zfd] SQNIS YIUI-g puv pajIazsau Qausog OULUNTY “SAVE ‘y.tvgV "1f oe saroy “AjuNOD dUAR AA Bae pare ee ee te OS ‘NOILVLS LNAWIMAd Xa TTANAOD ‘pong “ON AGTAANS GUVHOUO Sd TddvV An APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, New York. 243 Survey. These maps show the 20-foot contour lines on a scale of one inch to a mile (see Fig. 39). This method of locating the orchard makes it possible to look it up at any time in the future. Very many other oe items were determined,. some of which were entered under “ general T'1G. 39.—A reduced photograph of the field map of Walworth township, showing the positton and numberof the orchards. This map was on a scale of four inches to the mule, observations,’ and some of which were recorded in a note-book kept for that purpose. In Ontario township, which lies between the lake and Walworth, every orchard as large as ten acres and a number of smaller ones were likewise examined: Nearly all the other orchards were seen, and a comparison made with those that were carefully recorded. 244 BULLETIN 226. In Macedon township, which extends from Walworth to the southern boundary of the county, every orchard as large as ten acres and nearly all of those as large as five acres were examined. Practically all the other orchards of this town were examined sufficiently to be able to make comparisons with those recorded. These three townships gave a representative north and south section of the county. The differences in going north and south are very much greater than those from east to west. The degree of accuracy of the reports—The results are based on all the orchards of Walworth as large as one acre, or 443 orchards con- taining 1,773% acres; and on 131 orchards of the remainder of the county containing 1,987'% acres. This is between one-fifth and one-sixth of the orchards of the county. Probably at least one-third of the orchards were examined more or less carefully. The careful records were made of the above number. The location, site, aspect, area, distance between trees, present treat- ment, pruning, present condition, present troubles, soil and soil condi- tions were determined by the observer, aided by any suggestions that the owner might give. The ages are a question of memory and sometimes of hearsay. The appearance of the trees would usually enable the inspector to avoid any large error. The past troubles except canker-worm, tent cater- pillar and scab or “fungus” are not often given, as they are not recognized by many growers. ‘This does not by any means indicate that no other important enemies have been present. Some have left: their effects so apparent that the observer could, without difficulty, fill in the past troubles. The varieties, methods of former treatment, spraying, fertilization, etc., are fairly accurate, except that the amount of fertilization is not often known. The market and price per bushel are quite accurate. The farmers are practically all glad to be able to help in the work of the Experiment Station. They understand that the reports are confidential, and therefore have no incentive to give too high yields. The only limit to the accuracy is the memory of the grower. The apple crop is, however, the chief crop and is therefore well remembered. The yields are usually the result of measurement, as the people remember the number of bushels, or the number of pounds, or remember the income and price, from which the yield can be computed. An Apple OrcHARD SURVEY oF WayNE County, NEw YorK. 245 The yields for 1903 were secured by letters to the growers. They doubtless average too high, for those who had a very small crop some- times considered it too small to be worth reporting. The records of the 1902 yields are the most complete and the most accurate of all. Method of making the computations.—Since every orchard in Wal- worth was examined, all computations have been made for this town by itself, and separate ones made for the south and for the north parts of the county. In some cases Ontario and Macedon townships were each considered separately. Nearly all these computations when yields are concerned are made for the crops of 1900, I9OI, 1902, 1903. The conclusions have almost invariably been the same for each year and for each part of the county. In this bulletin they have, in most cases, becn summarized under two heads, Walworth and the remainder of the . county. In computing yields under various methods of treatment, the yields of the orchards set before 1880 are ordinarily used. Trees set since that date have mostly not arrived at maturity. In computing any one item the others have generally been ignored. The justification for this lies in the fact that so many orchards have been examined that other items will balance. For example, in deter- mining the average yields for orchards having trees set at different distances apart, no attention has been given to the care of the orchard. There are orchards set at all distances that have been well cared for and others that are neglected. The large number examined makes an average of conditions. The danger of this method of making calcu- lations lies in possible coordinate factors. The man who tills his orchard may be the man who sprays. Some points of this kind are discussed under the different chapters. To test the method, some compu- tations have been made on the basis of sub-groups of orchards otherwise similarly treated. The results have sometimes been changed in absolute amounts, but have been unchanged in their relation to each other, or have been so slightly changed as not to alter the conclusions to which they point. ; The independent calculations for Walworth township and for the north and the south parts of the county, furnish additional checks. There are usually twelve independent calculations—one for each of these divisions for each of the four years. When these results all 246 BULLETIN 226. point to the same conclusion, they would seem to establish it beyond any reasonable doubt. In this report the results are frequently sum- marized in order to save space. “There might seem to be some danger of a large orchard controlling the average, but in no case of any importance has such an orchard changed the relative order of the results. In making most of the computations, there were orchards for which the information or yields were not secured. These were, of course, omitted, just as an orchard that was not seen. The computations always include every orchard for which the particular data were secured, Work in Orleans county—During the summer of 1904, orchards to the number of 564, including 4,881 acres, were similarly examined in Orleans county. In this county the writer was assisted by Mr. C. Bues. Some of the pictures in this report were obtained in that county. Many references are also made to it, but all the tabulations are from Wayne county. The tables for the Orleans county work will be published later. The method of doing the work and General observations on the work. the kind of information sought were much changed during the progress of the investigation. In the beginning the type of soil was thought to be of much more importance than it really is. The most important points were not considered in the first few reports. The relative importance of the different problems was better seen as the work progressed. The report blank (Fig. 38) is very different from the first one used. Many improvements were made when similar work was started in Orleans county, but there are others that will be made if another county is studied. The succeeding pages may be said to be results of experiments of the past seventy-five years in apple-growing in Wayne county. ‘‘ Every farm is an experiment station and every farmer the director thereof.” But when these experiments are viewed singly, there are so many factors that the success or failure is as likely to be assigned to a wrong cause as to the right one. As a result we have the great diversity of opinion that exists among apple-growers. It is by studying and tabulating results from large numbers of orchards that important and unimportant factors can be properly correlated. The standards in this bulletin are not ideals, but are in all cases based on what successful men are doing. No one man is following all of them, but each one has been tried. It is impossible to give credit to each AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw YorK. 247 farmer who has aided in the work, for that would mean to enumerate six hundred in Wayne county and an equal number in Orleans county, but I can not refrain from mentioning the willingness with which nearly every one gave the information about his orchard and about his successes and failures. It would be very hard to find a region where the farmers are more willing to cooperate with every enterprise of the experiment stations. In writing this bulletin, I have tried to keep in mind the many questions asked by the farmers, as well as to present the tables of the results of various methods of treatment. (eR 248 BULLETIN 226. Hauling the barrels to the orchard. CHAPTER I. THe MAGNITUDE OF THE APPLE INDUSTRY. Fruit production per capita.—The commercial demand in the United States for fresh fruit has been created during the past fifty years. ‘The small quantity of fruit that was produced half a century ago was largely used for wine and cider manufaciure, but fresh fruit and canned fruit are now among the staple articles of diet for the laborer as well ‘as for the wealthy. Table 1 shows that the value of the orchard products on the farm has increased from 33 cents per capita in 1850, to $1.11 per capita in tgo0. If all fruits are included the value would be about fifty per cent greater, the amount for 1900 being $1.74 per capita (see Table 2). Much more than these amounts must be spent TABLE TI. Relative increase of population and of value of orchard products from the census reports. P : Per cent of | Value of | Per cent of opulation. gain in ro years. Sa ides gain in ro years. MOSOM RIS Satis Hees | 23, 191, 876 | PR ere eereS npr ON: | $7, 723, 186 Hives Pesta es, sea. OO eM tie sispo ote =|) 15 449;,321, | 35.6 | 19, 991, 885 159.0 hoy heat chal Se EOE | 38, 558, 371 Pas 38, 000, 000 g0.0 TOSOR Saree ee | 50, 155, 783 32-4 50, 876, 154 493320 G0 Oe te a neg 2 hts ee GAM 2O) YESS |e Las tees oe Gain in 20 yrs. (10:00 SO eee 5 | 75, 508, 686 G2et | 83,751, 840 | 64.6 "Values of orchar, pggducts are for the year preceding the census. *The value of orchai products was not given for 18go. *“Tn 1870 the value of orchard products returned was $47,335,189. The reduction of this amount by the then existing premium on gold (25.3 per cent on the average for the twelve months of the census year, May 31, 1869, to June 1, 1870) would yield about $38,000,000.” Tenth Census, Statistics of Agriculture, page xxii. 249 250 BULLETIN 226. by the consumer for the transportation, commissions and profits in- crease the cost several times. A larger proportion of the crop may now be exported, but the great change has been in the creation of a home demand for fresh fruit, such as does not exist in any other country. The great fruit market of the world is the American work- man, and his staple fruit is the apple. The magnitude of the apple crop.—Of the total number of orchard trees reported in 1900, 55 per cent were apple, and these produced 83 per TABLE 2. Relative rank in fruit production of the ten leading fruit-producing states, from the census of 1900. United States). 32.5. Calitonniia eee INiewoViOnktnn- cee eee Rennsylivanitas seen ae (@)) aha tes eee nee EY arta ae IVitiie niteccin ey eeeaens een incldatiatye tac canes Wisheteaisahi Were ohae areas nas 6 INewalliefSeyien nites oe sae Niagara ssa crescraae Oxnleanseaes see WWIGINGROS Ao iS 6 noes soe WN ary eer reyes cenit One te (WISER aks eee | OrcHARD ProvuctTs. | ALL Fruits. Total value. Percent. | Rank, Total value. Per cent.) Rank.’ | AS SER a Sa a | & | eae $83, 751,040 | 100.0 |.....:| $131, 423,587 | SlOOuGn| ae vane 14, 5260, 786 7a I 28, 280,104 | 21.5 I 2 aes | 10,542,272 | 12.6) 2 | 15,844,346 | 12.1 2 Lota | 7,976, 464 9-5 | 3] .. 9,884,809 7-5 3 Baar Fe Opaectin rire: eOul 4al 8, 901, 220 6.8 4 Sree BJO, OLE. | PoAmsr ly tus 5,455, 213 4.1 6 spk 3,675, 845 4i4)|0-), 465850, 30231" aeaas 5 ae | Bs Wor, Bets 3.8 | Tal 4,630, 169 a5 7 oie 2,944,175 3.5 8 | 4,309, 813 3-3 8 puted 2,602,483. 05 (32. Oli SAS Ua nA ye Ds, 10 ae | 2,504, 981 rel eaeOm 4, 082. 788 ise ial 9 Leading fruit countics in New York. OrcHARD PRovUctTs. Atv Fruits. te Giipericene S ‘ iPer cent Total value. | SHE |Rank.| Totalvalue. | S!H° | Rank, | crop. | | crop eee $1, 078, 042 | 10.2 | 1 $r, 184, 482 728 2 Pi aay 839, 732 8.0 2) 875, 270 Fe is 6 $8) S553 768,927.| 7-3 3 928, 673 5.9 4 Aer 584, 254 5.5 4 | 903, 875 yd 5 ee 497, 354 4.7 5 730, 222.7) AON 187 fine BTA BOP © | 429,679 Deh 10 ae bei! BEA Zola ee 7 Q89, 024 6.2 3 PaO 306, O10 2.9 8 329, 419 Baik 15 Near oe 300, 645 220) |S AOil 434, 660 247 9 i Mbes | 296,679 | 2.8 | 10 I, 620, 923 10.2 I | ! AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY or WaAyNE County, New York. 251 cent of the total number of bushels of fruit reported. The average production of apples is about two to three bushels per capita. Of the crop of 175,000,000 bushels in 1899, the States of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio produced nearly 69,000,000 bushels, or over 39 per cent of the total crop in the United States (see Table 3). New York justly claims first place in the quantity and quality of her apple crop. Apples are grown in nearly all parts of the State, but it is in the lake counties, Niagara, Orleans, Monroe and Wayne that the industry has been most extensively developed. In 1goo, fifteen states outside of New York had a greater number of apple-trees than the combined number in these four counties, but only nine of these states ° gave a larger crop in 1899. No other county in the United States pro- duced as many apples as any one of these. Only four counties: one in Illinois, one in Missouri and two in Arkansas had as many trees as any one of these. The production of evaporated apples—\Vayne county has come to she According to the market the great bulk of its apple crop as evaporated apples. other counties sell nearly all their crop in barrels. last census (see Table 4), Wayne county produces over two-thirds of the evaporated fruit in New York, and produces an amount exceeded Two of these, Oregon and North Carolina, only This report includes all kinds of by only three states. slightly exceed Wayne county. evaporated fruit. Of evaporated appies, Wayne county doubtless pro- duces more than any State in the Union, except, of course, New York (see Table 41). TABLE 3. Number of apple-trees and yield of apples, from the census of 1890 and of 1900. CENSUS OF 1890. CENSUS OF 1g¢0. ree j | Bushels of ad No.trees of _| Bushelsof | x | eee sales ae | § Ger ce ee Ca peh year | g | | | nized, Stateseme|ei20, 152) 705 | 143; 105,689 |... -| 201, 794,764 | 175, 307,620 ||... INew, York... 7. | 14, 428, 381 STAs CAOM alle SOSA Osea 24. TOT. 2c ae eT Pennsylvania | 9, 097, 700 7 5o2, 710"! TO. Win774s21L | 24,000,051 2 OMIO. eS eee 10, 860, 613 13, 789, 278 I 12,952,625 | 20,617, 480 3 WHitesiinie) § aan Fe ASS. Yay 8, 391, 425 8 8, 190, 025 | 9, 835, 982 4 MliiOuSs seers. ss: | 6,949, 336 9, 000;.785)564-|- 13,430,006 | Oy178, 150 | 5 Whichigan (0... .. 8, 5027390) £3, 154,626 | 2) 10,027,899 | 8, 931, 569 6 Badiana..:.:-..... 6, 089, 106 8,784,038 | 5 | 8,624,503 8, 620, 278 ie Meivest Virginia....| — 2,870,535 4,439,978 | 13 5,441, 112 | 7,495, 743 8 MWHISSOUTI-oo os as os 8, 150, 442 8,698,170 | 6 20,040,399 | 6,496, 436 9 Kentucky........ F730, 144 Ie ONO7OnaSonu 63 hy Pain ests || — ORORS ZAUZE IP BULLETIN 226. 252 Taste 3—Concluded. Leading Counties in New York. CENSUS OF 18go. CENSUS OF 1,00, : Bushels of ad No. trees of Bushelsof | x No. b F eee aes | apple aoethe 5 apt chs ee year 5 WiOnnOG lee naeee 758, 720 439,682 | 5 789, 409 I, 436, 301 een INANE ois cee oc I, 033; 454 623520452 924, 086 I, 421, 796 2 Widiymley a teeae 659, 890 I, 030, 381 I 796, 610 T, 393, 585 3 Onleansat, ee 591, 767 B27, 720) 27, 629, 401 I, 391, 630 4 Dutehesst esas. .5 288, 762 194,916 | 13 400, 811 QQ0, 244 5 Westchester... 364, 333 578,679 | 4 336, 135 979; 411 6 Ontanioneaern ose | 425, 236 Ronis || 2 419, 483 033, 764 7 Wistert nacre | 251, 320 190, 038 | 14 347, 407 QOl, 162 8 Chautauqua... 5. 400, III 175,704 | 15 449, 317 825, 633 9 Gattaraunetsene nee 366, 536 32,999 | 43 434; 319 718, 201 10 Hinlemen ee sume eee 730, 458 O5s2r20 e377 631, 283 476, O91 15 TABLE 4. Pounds of dricd and evaporated fruit produced in 1899, from the census of 1900. Pounds four Per cent.| Rank. WinitedaStates? .ictlontoc ee aoa ee Dee eee aoe 144, 804,638 | 100.0 |..... California. -). iiss .sac meee ae eR ee eee 117510355 727 ole! I Nein: OA OnK I sal: oe a ee I aes ea ae ep eae 3, 658, 610 25 2 QEEGON i xis laos ae Roe ee ee cea 2, 818, 200 1.9 i) North Carolina: cee terete eee ace eee eee 2, 744, 450 1,0) 4 SRE MESSE ES. Satie e ee Aes SOs oe Petras Pe ever SiO) || eats 5 Counties in New York. Mini one ane | ; Z Per cent Poungs e ioe product. Waynes sis2 there eR Resta: ee ee ets Sethe 2, 698, 350 73.8 I Onbarqou ese ache eee ee ere 508, 300 12} ,0) 2 VES 15) el tires Bh ee eevee iacs acer nie ees Ee Re A 105, 820 2.9 3 IMIG mTOe <1. 2gae aces Were ee are PR ae as 87, 160 ZA 4 OTT ATS i 75 . eieee ee a R ro R 9, 500 0.3 10 ‘OOYI TOF JAOdaT SNsUdD dy} Ul UDATS JOU SIsjONpoOid psvyd10 Jo anyTRA dsyT, “vad snsusd dy} Surpoodid dos) dy} JOF aawe san[eAy LA N —= <= == ———— a <== == = = = = = = —— = = = = = Py 0So ‘601 | ce | a0) ‘IZI | Ze gIg ‘Cy Qe 6r9 SICeCECEOEG a) ietcal nl ir oft a) lee ptox eve) (ben trentoW ews urante hanna tela Sevan wir micecereets vOSOUUTTY A 9 SPQ ‘SZ9‘E See 220 OO Lice ac een es QORAiizEe 9 vLo ‘zz ‘I SI OSOE SEM Waele teks rls ae ecaee “* URSIYSII oz | 998 ‘OZI ‘I ual €ok ‘Soo ‘I VI | ¥S9 ‘*6e6 Z 61S ‘Sz fe) SOOsS Ov sre fee Lee ee oe S}Jasnypoesse jy is QI Z¥0 ‘ggz ‘I OF egeretoa TO Sop ‘61€ ‘I oz | 961 ‘zS2 VI TSOSROUE — SN FE Ss ee * pury Are yy z | veg ‘tts Ste OzOLol tL gi | 69S ‘vZg SI | 292 “10S g COS EEE er ae "** QUIRTAL > | | a Be I oZh “Sac ze | vog ‘gg ra || (ofa aya Og) OS yum OS: OSES cae = Bee are eae ** BUvISINO| Zz ZI SAO SHAS TE i cai o£9 ‘ZZE ‘1 II Qe Mel ZI 66 ‘Fog gI OCS: LQOT> wes oe eo cee pee ae “ AyON UY, Re FI 6S9 *gzZ ‘I | ie 098 ‘RSet Z gbo ‘gS LS 9S9 Oech) Ul O [peneroveteleheue Dice ON imeorccetur OO OO Oe Oot) Oo OF Garo SesUue yy a €1 | ZoZ ‘6rg ‘I D1 20S FOV at Si O91 ‘S20 * I Ste 44S Sone (0) Sie Wet Ach Zk o heme men eave? uO. abo. croneG Oras ae a. eMOT 7, A Q6S ‘of I vce is/'e) oe |baike: a6 e)cq)'eiie/(@]ie) ensiilte ieireusvene sire wee. éie,7o\ve\\s elle re aaa ee eee CO GOH 10 0:0. 010:c \ksxeseise @! ele). 6 je1||\'5 ‘sl’ veliehiente Ps ‘AIO IIOT, URIpUyT 2) | xe) £ Qeeogn ee || of | OSe%Zo2ic 9 9gg0 ‘gSa‘c | Z16 ‘QSz ‘I 6 OVONV SEH ieee nae a a eb “+ BPURIPUT - g o1g ‘gZZ ‘€ v EQe COs e, 4h ay 694 ‘125 ‘€ S EZE ‘QZI *1 Z GLOL OV Vier Nr access ie gine caer tc co SrOUn il =} rA% bez ‘Sof ot | ae ‘Cz | rAd >| GzZ Seb sre 6: | ances Cety OnOhoNs. 4s wo |feubicalte sere O86 Ms OG oO aie altol site te xetetietos lehaaiai set sia OED Tt A oS 62g ayeiieiactiue aE sc oh cvionnpeg oueroitsl |istiot mune lie | aod ao ata vero lene |euuieracoles|l honenenakewe ietene Sijell|lamroarel oh) = Jose erence eene fe eusuriel oMegeueweleraiaherarchene "98s TBMBTT a Ze | Lve‘ZoV | tz | 26 ‘zQZ | ve | gz6‘zse be | gvo‘QZ1 (sil (GEASS vege Oc Pear RLS 219 9 *BISIO94) = or | £69 ‘z61 te S6z ‘QSZ | Ae || (to) MSS ) AS | eh ite CEP OCTET ee salary ee ST ee DIO fy Sie |e | arse Niro) “el | ov | 192 A) Se | 096‘6 fo Flam Oh od A tem nals ay ae a DO “*BIqUINTOD JO 191-4SIq S HS, | EA of zz |. z69 ‘obg Zl, \MeOQ" Gee 1, 4 Zee || Sze chit NAN 7450) Ae IM Ape n sPeaithodsaskTcia a OUP ANE TS Gi rz Tee | OSE -TTONT gz | ove ‘oSV Ze |) VOR “ses vi | gvg ‘gos €r | grr ‘SZ Sec cereeay tage NEE ie “qnoro9uU07) B ¢ 611 ‘gZE | $b ghz *¢ CP 6 Wavawaceecns)|feecouchonctevalcuarenel keastewenens [errs e ee eee eter ees del Meal he TOTOS) ~ | a I ggZ‘gzS ‘bi | Z vie ‘10 ‘z 8 pal re oT OL | gfz‘bSZ LE NSOCL LUG ae |e ai ae RIUIO}[ED : (ont || okra tu oz | gzv‘Zog Lz c ‘251 of 520 ‘9S Ze, | IV ‘OY "** SesURy IY S PV Foz ‘96 | av 08S *S Paes elie. © O)l6, 0)|/e0b <6) ailowe fd Ow UO TyOnd Ono Oso pO uo Of. Sede she ana | * BUOZIIV a seoas Chveal |tevekeue teens S fei ohiai|takcte ener ts Wiintsa nt rece Sia oteaarecere gy ete noted | oie ratewe Coraven ede oetel| awe aienel | tee ene Rud Alc cts atratsions.o 0-0-6 50 glo. gom " BYSETW ea gz | PLS ‘QLP of | €gz ‘zoe of 065 ne nie || Cains Meee SZ GOV Gig Mm eel TOO So tea “ vueqelyy é o: enebteyiex(© org: 1SZ ‘Cod sees ‘| PSt ‘9ZQ pels | gx ‘See ‘Zhg] eee eee $99 ‘166 ‘61¢)°* °° ggi ‘ez ‘Z¢ [oi aia SSS7R1S pau Q rege ‘onea | Ses ; Shene | -yuey | Balen ee ‘one A een aren 7 f 2 === Seniesa anneal Se) a] — | a “0061 2 OQQI "oZgI “OQgI | “OSgI a ‘SJ40ga4 SNSuIr ay} WoAtf ‘OO6I 0} OL gr ‘s}anposd pavyI40 JO anjv A ¢ @1A1V a —_— a ‘OORI 1OF JAOdoa SHSUBD 9Y} UL UBATS JOU SI sjonpoid p4eydiO Jo onjVA sy] “TeaA snsudd 9y} Sutpedeid dosd ay} JO] oe san[eAy BULLETIN 226, gv | och ‘t ee dC ec 01 re) ap OPP erelieuetm ue 6 is. a. .6 * SUIUIOA AA ve | 16€ ‘Loz z | S€v ‘6g QI | ggz ‘61g | 62 | 069‘gZ Zo eee eS oe * UISUODST AA II 60S SC Conaies gI oor ‘re6 ay SZZ ‘QP8 ole] e ie ale Rb eftelcet/e\telle)i elie je Kells CEI Cy KOEI Fn 0 On 0-ON | OME RRMA C7100) S40 O40 PIULSII A 1S9 Ze } ZQV ‘666 re 299 WLAN | 6z £98 SZ: ce 619 ‘oz esceeee| one Sela e aa PARE o1ysduepy, MON Lt eeb ‘or Ch 619 ‘E | It 006 \fereweemevctee Nees arch into io |sobSeo/noesne beeen e sreualcudhewehe ys wseud tare so2592s* epBAaNT gz 1SZ ‘VR9 LS bra be | 6¢ | zvo ‘6 | 6¢ Czy OOO OU} moomoo mo Od UllD oo 0 0 OO Ul OOo § S05 se BYSeIGIN cr | bib ‘6S Gp | ofS ‘tr force od {sate mamesty ete afore manera |fedees cele Ee aetes lie ihsixa le! oWiefic) = |iiese Potcawioe Pan Cecio Oren Of) lercnnGar Ohno OrOMDicn Dette “+9 -BURJUOTN g S21 ‘vb6 ‘z Qe OLonetoct Ze MlscoriZro ca ae $46 ‘01g bis he IASC AST tay Wee Ste ao tae eae OSSmTAT of | gi ‘obry Ae iri HV tote | tontosuigA9 | On gud Sen") =02 | COP OSE ia] PMs rete ena ote 1ddississt fy ace | o STN a | “yUeYy $4 en z oes hae aren ; | Sr ey ae ey yo “Onl[ eA ; a : “OOO1 y OQRI | “OZQ1 “OORI OSgt ‘popnjgu0j—S aay [, AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 255 TABLE 6. Exports of Apples.* FRresu. DriED Barrels. Value. aay Pounds. Value eS TSS. Reece 28, 842 SS AIREA Oe | Do AT AOE tee coe aices Nps || eans see nestor a pees eee ze Mears ssid save hi 18, 411 HORORGR ee 4 7alll Sacaicn ask fou. |) ee crate aes ee | esiove cack rs Los? os gee eee 45,075 NOV773 Assy s| | Deetonral je ersicanevemagenelal ae esin Ds a Coil tetas eerie TAG Sis lee aera eas 15, 320 CA OOW MSG Out sats stieas, ted ea ||| cammccrsiecaeeeets || rorn Saeetge EG eo eee ce eee 33, 950 NOP OAS (PG Rese lth cces pape near [kha occu cece eeu anata Rar INS 28) & ego te cee eE 74, 287 TAQ HOOAN mle Otel Aus crepenemicy llece ctnicvoe. Was etree SIE 2 Were mera 33, 201 NIE 2OOR| PANO Tule noe cree ke ME eters ae Wt shea TSI) Weleda Sane agp Gita lew OV¥. || 2) al Ohne Bars eens Bee coated Markee ton car Iemma Ih resi hate IKSI510) ect Oees eee 32,979 OO SOSH MOR let oi seek steal ll yey ycuske rs eo lly. erecersrs MOO Wercss sist auc vase ste 78, 809 ZOOWOS Gia aoe Olle igre ee Sear |'aarocemncea crete ll sete eects Annual average. 38, 860 STOA OSH | NANOS Ws el eater lia aceryes aeamoe | ba aac USOUer me cect dts nA, SO S209 23038 P2esOal Uaccce nce eee alate s ors USO) 9 hae ie 606, 767 22ST ZIM AG Oullenett SCRA Seta ll Aeon Meyrin: = TEOMA ia ee seks: 174, 502 SOA NOZOMI: OO! Iniak ciaree ae ||; peeve eee ence. ils Opec, Gu ae eee 183, 969 487,140 | 2.65 | 2,841,532 $246,051 | $0.087 ILS OS) cote cane 120, 317 481, 334 | 4.00 892, 075 105, 548 .118 its(o%0).3 Saag eee 51, 612 246, 118 | 4.77 551, 350 55, 205 . 100 iUS107/ is ts eRe 20,577 142, 023 | 4.80 | 510, 750 79, 922 .156 itSO}0), 6 2. eae 19, 874 ORION Aang 775; 700 121,910 a5 rhs 3 3) A eo eee + + + + e710) g Bie RR ORE 38, 157 | 250, 013 | 6.03 | 836, 110 | 79, 387 .095 Annual average. 88. 5890 $283, 810 |$3.20 | 1,067,920 $114,681 | $0.107 MespAlirensyc sis) sey )e-3 49, 088 $136, 693 |$2.7 I, 150, 122 $79,026 | $0.069 tel7/2 bios ci een 36, 508 198,948 | 5.45 | 2,644, 592 190, 560 .072 t/a on odo at ae 241, 663 819, 664 | 3.39 | 4,483, 186 272, 028 061 toe Se re 44,928 204,312 | 4.55 | 4,234, 736 294, 893 070 TIST/ On cago aeae eae 276, 209 722,247 | 2.61 | 4,053, 696 326, 193 .o80 BOG ee Ces es 64, 472 221,704 | 3.44 713, 840 67,915 0905 iio 7h ere ene aoe 417, 065 986, 112 | 2.36 | 14, 318, 052 920, 292 004 ME ZOE Scott Hare IOI, 617 386, 261 | 3.80 | 4,188,173 260, 085 .002 PMO NP iaJa cosa, fa Oe 505, 018 | 980, 455 | 1.94 | 7,379, 836 296, 794 | 040 i2isG) oe Seoe ace | A07 {OU | GOs 500) 2402) 3515, 307, 192, 069 061 Annual average. 214, 448 $584, 702 $2.73 | 4,632, 460 289,986 $0.063 EOOL oso neretye I, 117, 065 | $2, 301, 334 ($2.06 | 22,623, 652 | $1, 247. 801 | $0.055 SBD, Ss. 176, 704 530, 543'| 3.05 | 2,893,270 228,945 | -079 MSG eee es oe ee B87 O21 |) i, 065,230) || 3246.) 1o,167,.057 786. 800 | 5077, MO GAMR ey cise, si scw se 105, 400 422,447 | 4.01 | 5,558,746 394; 350 | O71 SSS bo Coe ee 668, 867 | 1,572,126 | 2.35 | 18,416,573 | 1,062,859 -058 S60 G28 ee 744,539 | 1,810,606 | 2.43 | 10, 473, 183 548, 434 | .052 Oey oe oo Oe ee 591, 868 | 1,382,872] 2.34 | 8, 130, 396 413, 363 | :051 Do ode 489,570 | 1,378,801 | 2.82 | 11, 803, 161 812, 682 | .069 *Bulletin 64, and circular 16, Division of Foreign Markets. of Agriculture. *Record not kept U. S. Department 256 BULLETIN 226. TABLE 6—Concluded. FRESH. Drie. Barrels. Value. eee Pounds. Value. eeeees LOSO LAT oe 942, 406 | $2, 249, 375 [$2.39 | 22,102,579 | $1,201,070 | $0.054 TSQO"S ec ackhames ene 453,500 | 1,231,436 | 2.72 | 20,861, 462 | 1,038,682 .050 Annual average. 560, 385 | $1, 307, 377 |$2.490 | 13,305,008 $773,508 | $0.058 -53 | 6,973,168 | $409,605 | $0.059 ie! O DRG AES eee tr 135, 207 $476, 897 |$3 TOO 2p ck ater! fee 938, 743 | 2,407,956 | 2.57 | 26,042,063 | 1, 288, 102 .049 TOOBi ee eedce cae 408,014 | 1,097,967 | 2.69] 7,966, 819 482, 085 061 TSOA ey Ieee © 78, 580 242,617 | 3.09 | 2,846,645 168, 054 .059 LOO nee cent che 818, 711 | 1,954,318 | 2.39 | 7,085,946 461, 214 005 Ihe 0 6 Lees eae) ae 360, 002 930, 289 | 2.58 | 26,691,963 | 1,340,507 .050 TOO Jee wee oe 1,503,981 | 2,371,143 | 1.58 | 30, 775, 401 I, 340, 159 .044 LOOSE rete ere | 605, 3900 | 1,684,717 | 2.78 | 31,031,254 | 1,897,725 roloy LSOO Er re SH auaee 380,'222) ||| 1,210,450) |) 3 y1Su)! 10,305, 7308 mn e4 Seen 005 TOOOE mer anente es 526,636 | 1,444,655 | 2.74 | 34,964,010 | 2,247,851 .004 ° | | a Annual average. 575; 549 | $1, 382, 102 |$2.40 | 19, 368, 301 | $1,088,104 | $0.056 | LOOM Ss Ia 883,673 | $2,058, 964 2.33 | 28, 309, 023 | $1,510,581 | $0.053 MOO Qn as Sion ee 459, 719 | 1,628, 886 | 3.54 | 15,664,468 | 1,190,503 .076 MOOS seine sere ee Hi (CSO, 104 4, 381, 801 | 2.65 | 39,646,297 | 2, 378, 635 .060 NO Ose Bee -.+--| 2,028, 262'| 5,446,473 | 2-70 | 48; 301,665, || 2; 7ol,421 .058 Areas——There are in Walworth township 1,773 acres of orchard made up of areas as large or larger than one acre. This township con- tains about 34% square miles. There are, therefore, 51 acres of apples per square mile; or a little over 8 per cent of the land is devoted to orchards. In Ontario township there are about 40 acres per square mile, in Macedon about 19 acres. With the exception of Walworth and prob- ably Marion townships, it may be said that the area devoted to orchards increases as we approach the lake. : The total area devoted to apples in the county is about 21,000 acres. The area of the county is 621 square miles. This gives 33.8 acres of apples per square mile, or 5.3 per cent. The census shows that there are 305,299 acres of improved land in farms. The apple orchards equal 6.9 per cent of this area. According to the census report for 1899, there were 796,610 of bearing age”’ in the county. This survey shows the average num- oe trees ber per acre to be 41.8. This number of trees would therefore repre- sent an area of about 19,000 acres. Probably 2,000 acres were not of bearing age, or have been set since 1899. This would seem to support An APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 257 the above estimate, or perhaps the estimate substantiates the census returns, for this work should be much more accurate than the census. The average area for each proprietor in Walworth is 5.4 acres. his includes all orchards as large as one acre. In the remainder of the county such small orchards were not recorded, so that the average does not give an accurate idea of the average size. The average of those examined was 17.2 acres. The development of the commercial orchard.—Hali a century ago the agriculture of Western New York was grain raising and general farm- Fic. 40.—Many of the public roads are lined with apple-trees. ing. ... Ty te BE lw 27 NOu ee LOSe2i 13 gI 518% | 19 Sod 5 years, or more... 87 e335 28 58 | 852% | 58] 145 | 1187% | 44 TABLE 8. Treatment in 1903 of orchards set before 188o. WatwortTu. Soutu Part County./Nor’H PARTCountTy.| ENTIRE County. TREATMENT. a Pats a |inares ah oe Acres. | 5 S a Acres, | 5 & ot Acre oe St Acre o Fs ee) . a9 Ss es. ao gs cres, a9 os ae eo Sod(not pastured)| 132 | 460 | 30] 9 | 95 23 | 17 | 218% | 19 | 158 | 773% | 25 Sod (cattle pas- HUGO UTS acini en Pian sA2 e227) oto) N17 332 eAse ial 333 29 | 103 | 848% | 27 Sod (sheep pas- BUTE) earn gieis.c 47 Ball) a vl it | Wael) zefo. 2I 24 | 330 II Sod (hog pasture)| 44 | 151 1@) 4) Ol 7A) Wits || 9 Bae ney 2 \eeSsuieeed 7 Totalisod 2 <.. 255 | 1000 } 65 | 38 | 358% | 88 | 45 | 817% | 71 | 338 |2176 70 Mnedurtsrrs kek eo: 124 aaa Bis |) (oy AG, Laie | 343 30 | 147 | 930% | 30 262 BULLETIN 226. Crops were grown in 1903 in about one-third of the tilled orchards. About 8 per cent of the entire area, or 27 per cent of the tilled area, was sown to cover-crops, to be plowed under. The remainder were tilled without any crop, but a cover-crop of weeds was quite common. - Three-fourths of the orchards set since 1879 were tilled in 1903. Crops were grown in all but 7 per cent of those that were tilled. The young orchard generally takes its place as one field in the crop rota- tion. This keeps it in sod about one-fourth of the time, in small grain one-fourth of the time, and in tilled crops half the years (Table 9). TABLE 9. Treatment in 1903 of orchards set since 1870. | = a | Rowan, ER OF THE | W aLwortu. Sas EntTirRE Country. TREATMENT. z Para ae PASS | e No.or- : er | No.or- | Per o.or- er chards. Acres. cent.| chards.| Acres, cent.| chards. | Acres. cent. ———— ee ——=-= = = ir! Sod (not pastured)....... Alls Mitac AW! 51) 4 16% 4 17 57% 9 Sodm(pastuncd)) ee sareeeerr B 11% | 5 4 | 82 20 P| OBA 15 Metal sous swe a cel 'a6 Il Saas | 24 8 | 98% | 24 24 | 151 24 ; liv ARINC h aceon dae Snr eo 48 | 163% | 76 HOM ecues 76 64 | 475% 76 | | | | Yields of tilled and untilled orchards.—Table 10 gives the yields for four years of orchards that have been tilled every year for at least five years previous to the crop reported, those that were tilled over half the years, those that were tilled occasionally but not half the time, and for those that have been in sod every year for at least five years. It will be seen that the tilled orchards have given a uniformly larger yield than those in sod, the four-year average of the tilled ones being 80 per cent above that of the untilled. Perhaps the most striking point in the tables is the uniform agreement of the averages for each of the three parts of the county and for each of the four years. It should be remembered that these tables include every orchard set before 1880, for which reports of vields could be obtained, and that every orchard in Walworth was examined. There can be no further question as to whether the average sod or the average tilled orchard in Wayne county gives the larger yield. 263 Aw Apple ORCHARD SuRVEY OF WAYNE COUNTY, New York. QI 707 i 6zz sjoysnq 99z SiO OsjQr Osu CO OG ONC ce Gat OOD iv ay dy Ynde) sirvotk c pos ** ATJBUOISBDIO. paris ‘savaf SOUL POS “sivah }SOUL pdf rere Sl OTOUIONSTeeA a polity :o4oe tod sasviaAe 1vd4-INOY ofz ~%egqr | EV | giz We) | O61 vZ II ggz Pica Ve ee eee Sele OLMM TOns1eOAS DOG gtz | “Sez | If 661 CL si | che | %EE V LO ele Ge ie Sere ie ‘“ATTBWOISEDDO pel[a ‘saeaA JSOU POS Sse Sz z ee. oes Ys ae Sete oo leraee ey la Oks | 0c Ik Err Seo heqs OU Poli, Sze 6Z¢ i¢ 16z 98 ¢ Chev eatieike si liPe ental [et = renreal ie 50 88 GSE C6z | lz Por oto see se *QTOT IO sieok S PTLL | | | | | “£O061 QLI Zool] zl ogi VS.) Lor aS en % IEE G z0z S6z | of eRe e ane SR aelees Auewl pos vic -\-%10b | Sg | - e241 ™%98 9 11z 66 co Lz goe | 69 “ ATTEUOISEI90 pey[a ‘saeoA JSOW POS 6Lz ~%Qer Lo C6z Q0z g cee wi fe) vecle renee Qos Oo Ol Sz % OZ | 6S o- siiasewsheielel/s dietir wake sieak }SOUL PTE by Sa ey A al) aS eee | meaee | ecreCoveiule 30 OE el kareena alee TOUR wi VAC Oral a2 V5 ie ae aah ‘gt0ul IO saeak S pel L | ‘ZOOI } | | | | | If 609 69. _|=8ke 5) | y6z | OI Ie ZCI Si wae WN eCraltent ov SOIDEIDII DUOMO (oii Ko Sinsy\, “ [oKorS oS u%zOz | vS GGie | Loneg v 19 LY Us, Sa o61 eV SAVJEUOTSYI 00 pel] ‘sreaA Jsou pos ce 61€ | ge 69 OO Olas wee os eee RANA BNO OM OH Oy fale lee ec oe i riaias & Saree SOU ue ZQ ete | z ger | LL 9 pea OR z 6S HKSSI | 92 pone ‘910Ur IO saead § poll pL | | “1061 QSI %0z9 1S OOias IewOeveliaat Ol! ~%1Q 8 bgz eerey gz poo iho ee OMT O LS LEO POG 10f TSN ey Z6z | %SS v zee or 9 Oe | ASvr | ee "AVIEUOTSES0 poy[a ‘saeaA JSOW POS 60£ %Q6z | gf €Lz voce |. 4 1G GO Gi] |SITA OO IG BO'gOnO erate, % v0 6z Oe oT pe eee eg oo Del aE IVE | Yeezz | SE gzté | %LL 9 wea asses ecole | amma ae tm eee | ait keene ‘910ml 10 sreak §$ pall | | ‘0061 SE] serve PPARIE| POE | samy PPLE’ | ay] sev [Po [ofucay] OY | Pon | “ALNNOT) AMILNY "ALNNOZD AO LAV HLUON “ALNNOD AO LUV d HLAOG "HLYUOMTY M e = ‘Oggr a40faq payunid Saar], ‘SpADYIAO Payjyun puy payjy fo sjoysng UI Sp]er x ‘Ol ATAV], 264 BULLETIN 226. A part of this very great difference is doubtless due to other factors. The man who regularly tills his orchard is more likely to fertilize, prune and spray well. To see how much of this difference is due to tillage and how much is due to other factors another classification was made. Table 11 shows the average yields of those orchards that have been fairly well cared for. They differ only in the factor of tillage. All have received some fertilization, have been fairly well pruned, are not diseased or in bad condition from any cause. Of these well cared for orchards the tilled ones gave an average of 35 per cent above the untilled. This tabulation doubtless gives too high a yield for the TABLE ITI. Yield in bushels of tilled and sod orchards. Average for the entire county of trees set before 1880, Orchards all well cared for. 1900. Igor. TREATMENT, No Acres aan No. Acres. ae Milled sssyearsvor mrore: 2-22 lcs Digs © | Von 75345 a eee ee 22 1774 99 iilledsiiosteyeansens seein hee 22 Sie eee Se 21 188 38 SOdmMOSE VeAatSo.\c alo Dee NeS SE « 24 209 260 25 244% Ce SOdIS vears.OGn more.” .1da+ «case oe 25 206 224 3I 249 45 TABLE 11—Concluded. 1g02 1g03 Baur TREATMENT. aang year No. | Acres. ae No. Acres. aioe OSH t SE Tilled 5 years or more....| 38 40134 311 23 345 326 271 siilledkimiost yeanseann ese 38 261% 339 16 99% 249 245 Sodumost weans! otic 46 365% 235 15 122 257 206 Sod 5 years or more...... 47 350% 269 2 157% 263 200 orchards in sod, for in making it all diseased ones were thrown out. In many cases these should have been included, for the disease fre- quently gets a foothold because the sod has lowered the vitality of the trees. The real difference due to sod will therefore lie between the 80 per cent shown by Table to and the 35 per cent shown by Table 11. Does tillage pay?—These tables do not show that every sod-orchard should be tilled, but they do show that it would pay to till the average AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 265 one. Ifa sod orchard is giving good yields, and if the trees are mak- ing sufficient growth to keep up their vitality, it may be desirable to keep it in sod. Ly the liberal use of barnyard manure or straw mulch, an orchard may be kept in good condition without tillage. The trouble is that so many do not receive enough of either. The same results may be accomplished with much less manure if the orchard 1s tilled. If the orchard is in sod and is not yielding well, or if the trees are josing their vitality, even if the yield is still good, it will probably pay to till. IG. 41.—One year’s growth in a cornfield. A five-acre orchard planted by Jay E. Allis. Compare with Fig. 42. Whatever the best treatment of a thrifty orchard may be, there is no question about the advisability of tilling one that needs renovating or of tilling young trees (see page 309, and Figs. 41, 42, 43). There are some marked advantages of sod. It requires less work to leave the trees in sod. If the land is very stony, the tillage brings the stones to the surface and makes a bad place for the apples to fall. Sod is also better to haul spray rigs over. Perhaps the greatest advantage is in having a sod for the apples to fall on. This is par- ticularly desirable when the entire crop is to be shaken off for evapo- 266 BULLETIN 226. rating. Cover-crops will, to some extent, take the place of sod, but it is difficult to get a good cover-crop under large trees. Apples usually color better on sod and are said to keep better, but are not so large. Some experiments are now being conducted on these points. Fic. 42.—One year’s growth when set in timothy sod. A 13-acre orchard in Orleans county. (Compare with Fig. 41.) Here the irees are of secondary importance. Village, fertilization, pruning and spraying are the chief factors that cnter into good care of an orchard. One or more of these may some- times be omitted without seriously affecting the trees. Tillage may Fic. 43.—A few furrows plowed along each tree row lessen the evil effects of sod. Would it not pay better to raise only tilled crops? lessen the need for fertilization. Fertili- zation may help to make up for lack of tillage. Some years few insects or fungi attack the trees, so that spraying is not much needed. Very frequently a grower becomes impressed with the importance of one of these fac- tors: and mgises. a hobby of it to the ex- clusion of all the others; but the most successful man is the one who keeps a proper balance between all four, and who does not expect spraying to replace manure, tillage or pruning, or vice versa. AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 267 Where does your orchard come, in the table on page 350? Is it where you want it to be? If so, continue your present methods; if not, then try to find out where the trouble is. The results of good and bad treatment are not always apparent ihe first year.—The great difficulty in determining what kind of treatment pays best in any particular orchard is the fact that it may be several years before the results are apparent in the difference in crops. If this fact were kept in mind by the orchardists, a very large part of the differ- Fic. 44.— Tillage v. neglect. The rows on the right were left in sod, those on the left were tilled. The trees were otherwise similarly treated, and are of the same age. ence of opinion as to the best method of caring for an orchard would disappear. Very frequently a grower has followed a few years of good care by a period of neglect and has received an increased yield as a result. The trees may be making almost no new wood, and may be so lowered in vitality as to be easy victims of canker and other diseases. Yet the increased crop may have persuaded the grower that this is the ideal treatment. No care can be good if it does not look out for the future of the orchard. Many orchards need treatment that will actually decrease the yield for several years, while care that will 268 BULLETIN 2206. greatly increase the yield may be destroying the trees or shortening their period of life. The most profitable crop that could be grown in many orchards is new wood, and consequent new vigor in the trees. The returns may be more apparent in five or ten years than in the first year or two. Occasionally there is an orchard that is growing too Fic. 45.—One kind of “ culture.’ This twelve-acre orchard could be renovated and made a good orchard. fast and that would be benefited by sod, but they are not common. A much larger number are dying back faster than new wood is being formed. In Fig. 44 is shown an experiment in orchard management that was carried on by T. G. Yeomans & Sons for many years. The trees on the left were tilled and fertilized. Those on the right were fertilized the same An AppLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 269 but were left in timothy sod. The trees in sod are so badly weakened that the land has been plowed and a start made toward renovating them. Methods of tillage—-Orchards are commonly plowed in the fall. This is frequently done so as to have less spring work. Early spring plowing would seem to be much more desirable for an orchard. The grass or weeds will hold the snow and leaves. In a few orchards the roots are so near the surface as to prevent plowing. Such an orchard may be tilled with a spading harrow, disk or, on sandy soils, with a spring-tooth harrow. The ideal system of tillage for most orchards is early plowing or disking, followed by clean tillage until about July Ist. Some kind of a cover-crop is then sown. This cover-crop will produce humus to be plowed under; it furnishes a partial substitute for sod for the apples to fall on; it will help to remove surplus water during the latter part of the season and thus cause the fruit to color better. Fig. 61 and the frontispiece show orchards that are receiving, this kind of treatment. Methods of sod treatment—Many of the orchards that are in sod are pastured by cattle, hogs, sheep and horses. From some hay is cut; from others the grass is not removed,—usually because there is not enough to pay for cutting. A very few farmers are trying the so-called mulch method of cutting the grass that grows in the orchard and leaving it where it falls or throwing it under the trees. There were not enough of them, nor had the work been continued long enough so that a statistical report could be made. Table 12 shows the yields for 1902, with the different methods of sod treatment. The number of orchards is not sufficient to give con- clusive results. It would appear that pasturing with cattle is the worst possible treatment for an orchard, a conclusion that is in TABLE 12. Yields in bushels for 1902, with various methods of sod treatment. Trees set before ! T8So. No. | Average TREATMENT. archards: Acres. yield. Pastured with hogs 22 Urea With SICeD: 235 freer eee recs os be ees 15 Peete out cattle 2c... ty aaaeee sae ene 54 3902 159 47 Sod, not pastured .. BULLETIN 226. This has been in sod fourteen years and has always been an excellent producer. Fic. 46—A noted sod orchard. AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WayNE County, New York. 271 accord with the appearance of the orchards thus pastured. Cattle rub on the trees, break the branches and browse the limbs as high as they ean reach. ‘The few dollars that it would cost to procure a regular pasture for them is lost many times over by the damage to the trees. Horses: are not so frequently pastured in the orchards, but are equally injurious. In one case a good young orchard had nearly every tree stripped*of its bark by a span of horses. The orchard was worth about five times as much as the horses. Next in the scale of injuriousness to pasturing cattle in an orchard is the raising of hay in it. The hay crop grows in the spring at the time when the apple-trees make their growth. It therefore uses the plant-food and water at the time when the trees need it most. If the grass is left on the ground the mulch helps to preserve the morsture, and: leaves” the plant-food so that the damage is not so great. Sheep crop the grass close to the ground, and so to some : extent prevent the large evap- 5 EAR ae eres wade egg | oration that occurs in a hay field. The manure dropped Fic. 47.—Shecp have removed about a barrel by them is also of consider- 5 oe : of apples from each tree in this orchard. able value. Fig. 46 shows an orchard that is pastured by sheep early in the season. This is one of the best sod orchards. Large applications of barnyard manure are used. Several of the limbs that show a lack of foliage are infected by canker. If sheep are allowed to run in the orchard during the latter part of the season, they frequently pick many apples. If prices are good, the apples eaten may be of more value than the sheep (see Fig. 47). Pasturing with hogs seems to give better yields than any other method of sod treatment. The hogs usually do considerable rooting, and so prevent the formation of a tough sod. In-some cases the orchard that has hogs in it might almost be classed as a tilled orchard. The difference is also largely due to the manure. The hogs receive most of their food from outside the orchard, so that there is a constant addi- tion to the plant-food in the soil. Cattle and sheep are usually fed much less. 272 BULLETIN 226. Hogs frequently do considerable damage to the trees, particularly if the feed-yard is in the orchard. Around the place where they are fed they rub the trunks and roots, pack the soil so as to make it impervious to air, and sometimes bark the trees. It is well to remember that one good apple-tree is worth more than a hog, and that a small strip of bark removed will usually result in a decayed tree. There should always be a feed-yard outside the orchard. : Hogs or sheep do considerable good by eating the apples that fall early, and so disposing of many worms, None of the methods of sod treatment equal tillage in average yields. A comparison of Table 12 with Table 10 shows the force of this statement. CHAPTER Iii. FERTILIZATION. Fertilizers used—The majority of orchards receive no commercial fertilizer or green manure, but are given a limited amount of barn- yard manure—usually much too limited. One-third receive no fer- tilizing of any kind. Sixty per cent receive barnyard manure, either alone or in combination with commercial fertilizer, green manure, etc. ; green manure is used alone or in combination in 12 per cent ; commercial fertilizer is used alone or with other manures in 13 per cent (see Table 13). These figures show too high a percentage receiving some kind of fertilizer. In many cases only a little manure was applied, but the orchard was included with those receiving manures. In others the fertilization was given so long ago as to be of no consequence at present. Probably less than half the orchards receive enough to entitle them to be properly included with those receiving fertilization. TABLE 13. Sumimary of fertilizers used. All ages of orchards included. UsED WITH Uskp ALONE. OTHER FERTILIZERS. Tora. FERTILIZER. = = hie 2 = = oO. or- er o. or- er | No. or- er | chards. No. acres. | cent. | chards. No. acres. cent. | chards. No. acres. cent, IN| GIANG"; Ee rete eee ene lara UN Catone eg he Re tal wy | eye 154 | I101% 33n5 Barnyard manure| 214 | 145334 | 44.3 58 | 500 ies | Bye ueleee4 |) EC. Commercial fer- Tae Ze Tow es) aoc 10 103 3.1 | 50 AT OP eee O Green manure...|. 14 | I17% | 3.5 | 0 a5 , 7 | 201% 8.8 31 409 1252 Orchards receiving no fertilization of any kind. No. orchards, No. acres, Per cent. Vieilles Uli set eae arene eraes Bh ceotciaes s.stascere cles oo) 117 453 aie Southtpartiot County yas. sata. ass 21 241 62.2 emul Part Of COMME sae eis overt 3 c= 16 407% 28.1 In many of the fertilized orchards the manure was used with a view to helping some crop planted in the orchard. Of course if it is applied, the apple-trees will make use of a part of it. o73 274 BULLETIN 226. Fertilization and yield—The records of the use of barnyard manure and fertilizers do not cover a long enough period to be used in com- paring crops before 1902. The average yields of fertilized orchards for the years 1902 and 1903 were 55 bushels above that of those that were unfertilized (see Table 14). TABLE 14. Yield in bushels for 1002 and 1003 for fertilized and unfertilized orchards. Trees set before 188o. 1902, 1903. = | San a aa Two-year No | a Average No. P Average aVELAE orchards. | “*¢Fes. yield. orchards. | CFS: yield. oo | Megtilized orien. 292, | 2,116%4 233 147 I, 210% 281 257 Uintertilizedieree. III | 692 173 44 343% 2 202 | Necessity for fertization—TVhe cultivated orchards demand much less fertilization than the untilled ones, for the tillage makes food that is in the soil available. ‘There are, however, very few soils that do not need some material added at least in the form of green manure. Many of the less progressive growers fail to recognize the orchard as a crop that requires food as do other crops. A common reply to the question of the kind of manure used was, “ We don’t raise anything in the orchard so we do not use any manure or fertilizer,” the growth of wood, leaves, and apples not being recognized as a drain on the plant- food in the soil. But the number of those who recognize the orchard as a crop requiring food and care is rapidly increasing. The small, light- colored leaves, the very little growth, the small apples, are requests for food. The owner shotild answer the demand with manure or tillage, usually with both. The amount of plant-food removed by the apple crop compared with that removed by the wheat crop.—The following tables, based on Bulletin No. 103 of this Station, show something of the demands made by the apple orchard. All the leaves were gathered from a medium-sized, mature apple-tree and were analyzed. The trunk, branches and the roots were also analyzed.* *Cornell Bulletin 103. October, 1895. This bulletin is now out of print. AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York, 275 TABLE TS. Plant-food in apple leaves. | Leaves of one | Fstimated for one tree analyzed. | acre of 35 trees. Sertalewiel Cnt eer tee Nata nels one ete hs tete ra ol sitrae at ahd a4 2RQKO2 DSS Mladen RNa cee SOtalinwevelibawatene ma. s smrek eine ar etree tls sual fray) |) eenisfoya trie 0% is Rin aaa AMA eae otakwercht diry: mlattenenss.. cisco sels sion e o = | Q2) Sikh Mean a Ane oy se Motalawetahtomitnogen, oo... . oc. sreuteae vase « | Hola SS 33.6 bs. Moatal weight phosphoric acid...2) 0/0. eee | SBS | T2BOSu as: Motaluweilahtapotasht... as see emcee cs sheets ae «oc if ey AGhOt naa: TABLE 16. Plant-food in wood and roots. OP et eee |e aleted for one, | Ie fuua analyzed. | acre of 55 trees, | eure PMOCAUAWIEISEIILD Ot sroxpttoe: Posie BA). A. Pe tea es el OY) ead oe a cane BB Rae ore meet Motalieweleint waterencs + osacc DMA OO; MT Opm ete ule tae cntotcwas ce meets le eserctestciecterctera tare Total weight dry matter........ POI Less cltecnytve sine ae: lesen our senone Total weight nitrogen.......... | 8200 FAs ahs 3288). 1 lbs; 6.29 Ibs. Total weight phosphoric acid... . REO mannan aeRO eA | BBO Motalkwereht potastizns. ..2. 2-21) Fest | 2OUR ese tei se *To get the estimate of the amount required for wood and roots each year, it was assumed that # of the mature tree was grown each year. Trees 45 years old are usually larger than the tree analyzed. e TABLE T7. Composition of wheat. . Phosphoric Water. Nitrogen. eral Potash. (TTA hat ir Me a Rene Rae a 14.75% 2.36% 0.89% 0.61% Strawaretr mee coche naniae RAL 12.56 56 Aue AS Composition of apples. Phosphoric Water. Nitrogen. acid, Potash. 85.37 0.13% 0.014 0.19% 270 BULLETIN 226, TABLE 18. Total plant-food removed in one year by wheat and by apples. Nitrogen. Phosphoric acid. Potash, 300ibushelsyofiapplesiee carrer eee 19.50 lbs. 1.50 lbs. 28.50 We AWeS Hic sek oro biek Ble caer He Oerk 232) 00m 12505 ue 46.20 Wioodesice cites ani weenie ee teens G20 ae By aop 0 5.87 Tate Weds. 4 (hee eee Re |. 50.39 Ibs. ||”) 16.84 Ibs. 80.57 Zo0ibushelsiotwwieate aaeeeee eee ecoere | 28.32 Ibs. | 10.68 lbs. G32 2,500 pounds wheat straw............. | 145007" — 5 Bao of T2875 MOtal ice eT eee | 42.32 Ibs. | 13.68 Ibs. 20.07 According to these estimates it requires, for crops of the size indicated, about four times as much potash, and more nitrogen and phosphoric acid, to grow the apples than is required to grow the wheat. In considering these tables there are several points to keep in mind. The apple roots go deeper into the ground and so have more soil from which to draw their food supply. If the ground has some kind of a crop growing on it, the leaves may be largely retained in the orchard. The amount of plant-food used by the wood is not very well known, as it is difficult to determine what an average growth is. But even the 300 bushels of apples, without any leaves or wood growth, require more potash and nearly half as much nitrogen as is required to produce the wheat and straw. Manure may be shipped in from the cities—A few of the more pro- gressive growers have shipped in manure from Buffalo. This costs about $28 per car, but if applied when needed it gives a very large return. Some have feared to use it on account of the danger of getting weed seed. There seems to be no trouble in subduing any weeds that come with it when it is applied to the orchard. There may be some danger of animal diseases. being carried in the manure. A much larger total of manure is secured from the many smaller cities and towns, but this is usually not obtainable in very large quantities. Manure may be profitably secured by the feeding of cattle—A few growers have fed cattle during the winter in order to secure manure. This enables them to buy their fertilizer in the form of feed. The cattle usually give a fair profit, The manure obtained, added to this, makes AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, New York... 277 the practice quite profitable. It seems probable that more of this winter feeding will be done in the future. The expense of caring for stock in the winter is not very great. The fertilizing value of the feed is frequently over half of its cost.* Method of applying manure. small circle around the base of the tree. This is a serious mistake. Manure is almost always applied in a The roots of a bearing orchard occupy all the ground. Those from one row may extend beyond the next row. The small feeding roots are naturally most numerous at some distance from the tree, much as the active twigs are found at the ends of the large branches. The manure should therefore be applied to the entire ground. If any place is not covered, let it be that near the trunk. Professor Roberts has aptly likened the application around the trunk to putting the hay under the horse’s feet. Cover-crops.—More orchards are in need of humus than are in need of the direct application of plant-food. For this reason the applica- tion of barnyard manure generally gives much better results than the use of fertilizers. This is particularly true of sod orchards. Tilled orchards usually do as well when green manure with potash and phos- phoric acid are used. On some of the stronger soils no fertilization of any kind may be needed for many years, if plenty of green manure is plowed under. Fight per cent of the mature orchards of the county were sown to cover- crops in 1902. Buckwheat was the most common, followed by crim- son clover and common red clover. Rye, large clover, cow-peas, alfalfa, peas and oats, and vetch were also grown. Buckwheat furnishes a large amount of humus and leaves the soil in a friable condition. It is not a legume, and so can not use nitrogen from the air. Crimson clover has generally done well, but some growers have had difficulty in getting a stand. One man has grown it every other year for fourteen years. Common red clover has been most satisfactory when a year of tillage has been followed by a year in which the clover is cut and left on the land to be plowed under the second year. Peas and oats have given good results in most cases.+ *For tables of the value of the fertilizing elements in various feeds, see Cornet Bulletin 154. +For a more extended discussion of orchard cover-crops, see Cornell Bulletin 108. CHAPTER ITV. PRUNING. The former methods of pruning —Pruning was at first greatly neg- lected. Just as the majority of orchards were formerly left to fight | their way in competition with other plants, so the limbs in each tree were allowed to fight with each other. Only a few orchards have been well pruned from the time of planting. In some pruning was almost entirely neglected for years; in others it was done and is still Fic. 48.—VYears of neglect followed by too severe pruning. o ~ done in such a manner as to do more harm than good. There is a tendency among careless farmers to let the trees go for several years and then give them a “ thorough trimming” (see Fig. 48), rather than prune some every year, as the careful grower does. Perhaps one-fifth of the orchards are now well pruned, and this number is being added to each year, as the number of real fruit-growers increases. The problem of pruning among the bearing trees of Wayne county is, therefore, not that of training an ideal tree from the time it is planted; but the far more difficult problem of correcting the effects of former neglect. How wounds heal.—Intelligent pruning is based on a knowledge of the causes of decay, and of the way in which wounds heal. 278 AN APPLE OrCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, New York. 279 The living and growing part of a tree is the cambium layer. This is a tissue lying upon the outside of the wood and beneath the bark. From its outside it produces bark, and from its inside it produces wood. It is this layer of young, tender cells that makes the bark “ slip ” so readily in early summer. The inner part of the tree is not active; its value to the tree is in supporting the living part. If this center part decays, the tree usually continues to grow till it breaks down (see lig. 52). This dead inner wood is protected by the bark and living portion so that fungi and bacteria cannot reach it. When a large limb is removed the seal is broken and the dead wood is exposed. Having no life, it cannot resist infection by germs any more than a dead log can do so. The safety of the tree depends on having the wound healed over before it becomes infected. The wound heals by the growth of the cambium layer. I{ the wound is small it will usually be sealed up before the fungi get established; but 1f the dead stub is . exposed for a long time the wood-rot fungi are almost certain to attack it and cause the trunk to decay. If the wound does then heal over, the mycelium of the fungi is established and may continue to grow within the tree.* The decay may reach into the living tissue, but its most serious cffects are in so weakening the trunk as to cause it to break down. In order to avoid the rotten trunks that are so common in the majority of the orchards, three things should be observed : 1. Large limbs should not be removed unless it is absolutely necessary. 2. When. such limbs must be removed, the pruning should be so done as to favor rapid healing of the wounds. 3. Large wounds should be protected by paint till the tree can seal them. The removal of large limbs.—The ideal way would be to have the tree so pruned from the time it is planted that there would never be occasion for the removal of large limbs. But very many orchards were neglected so long that it may be necessary to cut out such limbs. Eighteen per cent of the orchards are still practically unpruned. In a neglected orchard some limbs may be damaged by neglect or lack of food. Others die as a result of the shade caused by dense tops, or the trees being too close together. Even in a well cared for orchard an occasional limb will be broken by the wind, or by too heavy a load of fruit, or will die from other causes. But much of the removal of —_—_—— > *Cornell Bulletin 193,Shade Trees and Timber-Destroying Fungi. 280 BULLETIN 226. large limbs is done without cause. In the orchard shown in Fig. 48, the trees had too many of these as a result of neglect, but it would have been better to have thinned the tops by the removal of small branches than by cutting out the scaffold limbs. It takes more time to prune by the former method, but the time is well spent. The ulti- mate death of most trees can be traced to the careless removal ok dlarge.-linibs. + dihe wound is too large to heal, or the cut is made in such a way that it can not heal. Wood-rot fungi get a foothold and soon the tree has a hollow trunk. The wind then breaks off the branches one by one till the tree is gone (see Figs. 52 and 54). Stub pruning—Much can be done to prevent the fungi and bacteria from getting a foothold. If the limb is cut close to the body of the tree, and parallel with it, the tree will be able to heal wounds of considerable size before decay sets in. The pruning should be done in such a manner that no portion of the amputated branch is left. If a limb is cut an inch from the body the wound requires much longer to heal than it would if Fie. 49.—Long stubs left when pruning. These no stub were left. A stub several inches long cause the trunks to de- 5 : cay and finally result in seldom heals over. It has no life of its own, : . broken trees. and so must depend on material that comes from other branches to heal it; but a projecting stub is out of the line of move- ment of the sap—it is sidetracked. Instead of healing over the end of the stub, a roll of new growth is thrown up around its base where the cut should have been made. In a little over sixteen per cent of the orchards examined bad _ stubs were left, varying in length from one or two inches to one foot, AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WaAYNE County, NEw York. 281 There are two reasons for leaving these long stubs. One, I fear the more common one, is because it is easier to do so. But many farmers leave a long stub when a large limb must be removed because they think that the wound will be too large to heal, and by leaving the long stub they hope to keep the rot away from the tree. The rapidity with which fungi penetrate the wood after they get started refutes this puaectice. » Sticcess must come from preventing the start of decay, not from giving it a long dis- tance to travel be- fore it gets into the trunk. In one forty- acre orchard the owner left stubs about a foot long to serve as_ ladders! His successor has gone through the orchard and _ cut these off and has done what was pos- sible to prevent further decay. Ins? Figs. 49%: is shown a tree with long stubs that will result in its death. Fig. 54 gives what Fic. 50.—The decayed hole caused by wood-destroying will be the next step. ANIME ats hc * ; i funger. (See Figs. 57 and 52.) The outside of this stub shows the seed-forming bodies (spore fruits) of the fungi; but it does not look very bad, while the inside is so decayed that it only needed a good load of fruit to break the tree. Fig. 53 is another stub that will ultimately cause the death of the tree. The tape-measure shows how far the stick extends into the decayed hole. The decay, of course, goes much farther. Fig. 50 shows a decayed hole that was caused by leaving a large wound 282 3ULLETIN 226, Fic. 51.—The same tree as Fig. 50, showing the extent of the decay. The tree was about 16 inches in diameter and had only about two inches of sound wood on the outside, a mere shell, The white mould is the mycelium of fungi. AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 283 unpainted. The hole is now nearly closed, but it is too late, as will be seen by Fig. 51, which shows the inside of the same tree. There 1s only a few inches of undecayed wood on the outside of the trunk. The white mould (mycelium) all through the trunk shows how badly decayed the tree is. The tree was a very thrifty one, and was apparently unaffected, but the rotted trunk was no longer strong enough to support it (Fig. 52). Paint should be used on the larger wounds.—Only a very: few orchards were seen where paint was used. Painting the wounds should become Fic. 52.—The rotten trunk resulted in the breaking of the tree. (See Figs. 50-51.) an accepted practice. The paint does not help to heal the wounds, nor does it hinder healing, as some have supposed. It is to prevent the wood- rot fungi from getting a foothold. It acts as a partial seal till the tree can protect the wound in its own way—by healing over the place. It has a similar effect as it has on farm machinery. It protects from weather and prevents fungi and bacteria from causing decay. The cost of painting all the wounds above two inches in diameter is not great. If this is done, and if the larger ones are repainted every year, the increased longevity of the tree will amply repay the cost. One good apple-tree will pay for 284 BULLETIN 226. painting many wounds. Lead paint is the most satisfactory for this pur- pose, but any durable paint is probably good. Thinning the tops.—lf the tops are so dense that air can not circulate through them it is almost impossible to spray well. The moisture remains long after every rain or dew, and so favors all kinds of fungous growths. The fruit will be of poor quality and poorly colored. Dense tops favor the development of insects and diseases, but not of apples. The frontispiece shows a well-pruned tree. Notice that the light shines through the top in spite of the fact that there is a large crop of fruit and excellent foliage. Contrast this with Fig. 59. But even this latter orchard is better pruned than the average. | ~ Pruning should vary with the thrift of the trees.—If an orchard is so treated that the leaves are small and the growth very little, many more limbs should be left than in a thrifty orchard. Poor color. of the fruit in tilled orchards could be im- proved to some extent if these trees were pruned more openly. The tree in Fic. 53.—The long stub continued. The tape shows how far the stick extends into the rotten trunk. the frontispiece shows ideal conditions. The air and light can filter through the top and reach every leaf and every apple. If this tree were not tilled or fertilized it could have about double the number of limbs without making the tops any denser. A neglected tree would be a mere skeleton if pruned as this thrifty tree is pruned. When is the best time to prune?—As a result of a series of experiments in pruning at various times in the year Professor Bailey concludes as An AppPpLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 285 follows: ‘ The conclusion—and my general opinion,—in respect to the season of pruning, so far as the healing of wounds is concerned, is this: The ideal time is in spring, before growth begins (late February, March and early April in New York;) but more depends on the position of the wound in the tree and Fic. 54.—The long stub resulted in the broken tree. the length of the stub than on the time of year.”* The best time to prune will gener- ally be the time when labor is least expen- Sive. How to treat crotches—The best way to treat a crotch is never to allow one to form; but when one secures an orchard in which they are already formed he must do what is possible to correct the weakness. In Fig. 55 is shown a young tree with a bad crotch that will be quite certain to ruin it. Tic. 55.—The crotch which ‘d i will probably cause the One of the forks should be cut off. Fig. 56 tree to split. One of the shows the trunk of an old tree similarly leaders should be removed. ined. Fig. 57, from the same orchard as *The Pruning-Book, fourth edition, 1902. 286 BULLETIN 226. Fig. 56.—The resulf of bad crotches. The tree can be saved for further usefulness by bolting the two halves together. Fig. 56, shows two of the split trees and several vacant spaces where broken trees have! beens 1 emo; eus Nearly one-fourth of the trees in this seven-acre orchard are already broken down, and as many more are split.. There are only a few orchards in the hun- dreds examined in which the trees were thus sys- tematically pruned to form crotches,/ but" 1m sagan number of orchards a few trees have them. The split trees and those that are in danger of split- ting can yet be saved by the use of bolts. A, band put around a’ trees swall girdle it}; but’ a boltipar through it does no appre- Fie. 57.—The final result of bad crotches. Aw ApPpLeE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 287 ciable damage. If two bolts that hook into a connecting chain of suitable length are used, the work can be much more easily done. The two holes are then not necessarily in the same line. The chain also allows for variation in length. One bolt is put through one branch, the other is put nearly through the other branch, and the chain is hooked on at’ the proper length. The’ bolts*sare- «then drawn up. Or bolts with hooks or rings on one end may be used and_ strong wire used to fasten them together. Number of scaf- fold limbs.—In Fig. 58 is shown a tree with too many scaf- fold, or frame work, limbs. The time to avoid this is when the tree is young. Fic. 58.—Too many scaffold limbs. Half of these should have been pruned out when the tree was young. Some of the smaller limbs might still be removed with safety if the wounds are kept well painted. Pi ck ] ] — v 1 12 £ S vO 1 t 1 é ti al 5] é a sl Ot as oO (7 "a but 10 Vv (A (@ a v e 7} 1¢e t] 10d O Si O ney a ] GHAPT ERO. SPRAYING. The extent of the practice—The fact that so many growers evaporate their entire crop gives rise to a general laxity in spraying. A little over 41 per cent of the trees set before 1880 were sprayed in 1903. One-third are seldom or never sprayed. In 1902 most buyers of apples for evaporating paid the same price regardless of the scab fungus. This fungus does not seriously damage apples for evaporating unless it is so bad that it stunts or distorts the apple or makes it crack. (See Fig. 81.) In 1902 it was very bad in many orchards. The clean apples were generally considered to be worth more, but were bought at the same price, as one man said, “in order to keep peace in the neighborhood.”” This puts a premium on neglect and prob- ably accounts for the large number who do not believe in spraying and for the considerable number of those who do spray but do not use the Bordeaux mixture. Effects of spraying on the yield and price.—The damage from insects and the apple-scab in 1903 was much less than usual. But even in this saw nothing “ee year of few insects and little fungus, when most people to spray for,” spraying paid. The average yield of the sprayed orchards was 27 bushels more than that of the unsprayed. (See table 19). This was probably due chiefly to the prevention of the large loss caused by the bud-moth and to the loss from the codlin-moth. The bud-moth did considerable damage in many orchards, but its work was not com- monly seen, or if seen, was attributed to a bad wind that made many leaves turn brown at about the time when the bud-moth caused the young shoots to die. The codlin-moth causes many apples to fall early in the season. A part of the difference may be due to other factors as the sprayed orchards averageé a little better in other treatment. TABLE IQ. Vield in bushels in W008 ae ea? and ede d orchards. Trees set be eae TS8o. | No. of No. of Average yield | orchards. acres. per acre. =. =e = | | — “ur mine Geners the cep netics ©) So eabed oh wteasialees's | 66 | 626% -| 280 Wis pice damtunees ilsses Sodkotc, stateroom revel 107 673 253 290 BULLETIN 226. TABLE 20. | | No. of barrels, Average price per barrel. Sprayed’ sn, $ity ch cracks. een Ere ee eee oP 0 | 8, 430 $2 02 Uinispraye dhs. fy. alate ee ApN <2 PoP | 6, 305 1 80 TABLE 21: Average price per bushel of sprayed and unsprayed apples in 1903. | No. of bushels. | AV ee Madea Bild a: aba eye NR Ls ALO ES, a SPRayedyCneh EJ 1Re ceria Meant, ae ae neste Ee aOn I10, 445 $o 31.8 Sprayed dried iby; srower to: een ee ee 637145" Ul. a egeeeeee Wasprayedi jit ork ue eee eee SPP 96, 345 PA] Unspray ed: idcied iby ‘arower..20cns ea eee * 045.305...) fol eee eee The average price per barrel of the sprayed apples was $2.02; of the unsprayed, $1.80. [From the sprayed orchards 15 per cent of-the crop was barreled; from the unsprayed, 12 per cent. Without considering the apples that were evaporated by the grower, the average price of sprayed apples was 31.8 cents per bushel; of unsprayed, 27.7 cents. If we count the apples that were evaporated by the growers as worth 20.7 cents, the average price paid for apples by the evaporators, then the income per acre from sprayed orchards averaged $77.84; from the unsprayed, $63. (See tables 20 and 21.) Most of the sprayed orchards were sprayed but once. Apples from many of these brought no higher prices than unsprayed ones, but some of those that were well sprayed gave so much better yields and secured so much higher prices that they were able to raise the average as shown above. The kinds of sprays wsed.—Nearly one-fifth of the trees that were sprayed received applications of arsenical poison sprays only. The smaller orchards were quite commonly so treated. This one-fifth of the area included one-third of the number of sprayed orchards. In 2t orchards Paris green and water were used without any other materials. (See table 22.) In view of this and of the exceptionally favorable year the showing made by such spraying as was done is satisfactory. An AppLe ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw YorRK. 291 Arsenic is coming to be quite commonly used instead of Paris green, particularly in the larger orchards. It stays in suspension better than Paris green and is somewhat cheaper. Arsenic was used in 58 per cent of the area and in 36 per cent of the number of sprayed orchards. TABLE 22. Sy iayute in 1903. Trees set IS 1880. | WaLworth. | REMAINDER OF CounrTy. | Entire County. ictal pee hNovor __| Per | No. or-| Per | chards. | No. acres. ene chards No. acres. Per chards. | No. acres. : pene ; eo ; : ; Pig Geer Sen el Sprayedscriiess carcass | 144 | 741 SO eg) ee OSL 3/635 181 | 1439% 41 Sometimes sprayed — | | | | sr] MOtienGOS sa ee 126 | 487% | 33 35 | 400% | 20 | -161 | 893% 26 Seldom or neverspray’d| 64! 257% |18| 55 | 882% | 45| 1191] 1140 | 33 Trees set since 1879. Spraveds. sie. weds Tc |e O38 42 Bhd Ona On| Peet 163 26 WWinsprayedi sc. s. 2 o.4- 40 L126 | 58 |" = 10.) 343 81 | 590 | 455% 74 Poison used. ENTISEMIC. Moots chan. 25 |) 170° oo -Au 19 | 458% | 69 44 | 629% | 58 TAS MLE CM eee an. crtt- 58 | 241 | ig | 20034 | 31!| 77 | 450% 2 Bordeaux mixture used. IP OISOnTOIMlY.< «....%-<- Bay b22 2 8 74 11 | 41 | 196 18 Poison and Bordeaux. 50 | 280 7 30 | 622 BOn hee CONN ORG a ih .82 Six orchards were sprayed with lime, salt and sulfur for the San José scale. One of these did not have any of the scale within about ten miles, but the owner was afraid it might come. A few young orchards were sprayed with kerosene emulsion for aphids. Many of the owners of these small orchards have used Bordeaux mix- ture at some time or other, and because one careless application did not keep the apples entirely free from fungus have concluded that the copper sulfate was of no value. Some even cite the effects of spraying with Paris green and lime as evidence that spraying does not affect the fungus. The failure of Paris green to kill the aphids, which were quite bad in 1903, is also cited to show the futility of spraying. Of course those who conduct apple-growing on a good business basis are not among these.* *There are three general classes of sprays: I. Poisons. 2. Sprays that kill insects by contact. 3. Fungicides. The insects that chew are the only orchard enemies that we can expect to kill with Paris green, arsenic or other poisons of this nature. The lice, San José scale 292 BULLETIN 226. When is the best time to spray?—The number of spraying and the time to give them must be determined by the season and the objects for which a man is spraying. But many of the enemies, like the apple-scab, must be treated before they appear. The time of attack by this fungus varies to some extent in different years. (See page 335 for a discussion of the fungus.) In the 564 orchards examined in Orleans county in 1904 it was found that those apples that were not sprayed immediately after blossoming were invariably scabby, regardless of the earlier and later sprayings. To keep the fruit in the best condition more sprayings were needed, but this was by far the most important application. If there is much rain during the blossoming period and for two to three weeks following more sprayings will, of course, be necessary than in a dry season. No hard and fast rules can be given, but unless some special enemy threatens the crop the best times will be about as follows: If three sprayings are given, one just before blossoming, one tmnimnedi- ately after blossoming, and one from ten to fourteen days later, will gen- erally give the best results. If two are given, omit the first or third. The second and third are the important ones for the codlin-moth. If only one spraying is given it will usually do the most good if applied immediately after blossoming. For the bud-moth and case-bearer a spraying is needed just as the leaf buds begin to open. Do not expect too much from one spraying. If you give three thorough applications you will, under ordinary conditions, have a right to expect clean fruit. Some years, as in 1903, good fruit is grown without spraying ; but these years can not be foretold. If we wait till the fungus shows, it is too late to spray. The most successful men spray every year. They consider spraying as insurance. They spray even if there is no crop, for they and other insects that suck their food, are not hurt by poisons for the very simple reason that they can not eat poison. We would not expect to kill a mosquito by putting poison on the hand and letting him suck the blood from under it—his food, the blood, is not poisoned. These insects feed in a similar manner. They suck the juices from the plant and do not take any material from the surface. They must be killed by kerosene; whale oil soap; lime, salt and sulfur, or by some other spray that kills by contact. Only those which are hit by the spray are killed. The various fungi are plants. We might call them weeds that have chosen to grow on the apple rather than on the ground. They can not eat Paris green nor are they killed by kerosene and such sprays. For them some fungicide, as Bordeaux mixture, must be used. AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw YorK. 293 consider that good, clean foliage is necessary in order to form the next year’s fruit-buds and in order to store up food for the next year’s crop. Winter treatment for apple-scab.—Quite a number of farmers are con- sidering the advisability of spraying for the scab before the buds open. This treatment will not take the place of later applications. If one gives it he should do so with the understanding that it is in addition to the later sprayings, and not a substitute for them. “When these are made the winter treatment does not bring sufficient additional benefit to justify the additional expense of making it against the scab alone, but it may pay when directed also against the canker disease and combined with some application which must be made against insects such as case-bearers or bud-moth. “It is known that the scab lives during the winter on the fallen leaves and in the spring produces spores by means of which it spreads to the new foliage. Probably it may exist during winter to some extent on the bark of young twigs also. Granting that this is the case and that a large part of the fungus on the tree is killed by winter treatment, which is improbable, it is evident that when the new foliage appears it must be covered with some fungicide to protect it from the spores produced on Gieumallcnpleaves;..* . tc)? * Method of applying the spray.—ln order to do effective spraying there must be plenty of power back of the pump. Good work is sometimes done with hand pumps, but the tops of large trees are not often well sprayed, nor is the work usually as well done with these machines as when power sprayers are used. The power sprayer is rapidly displacing the hand pump. Many orchardists go through the orchard twice for each spraying— always spraying with the wind. The first time through may be done at the most convenient opportunity. For the second wait till the wind has reversed. Three sprayings therefore require six trips through the orchard. This method secures thorough spraying for each side of the tree. Russeting of the frwit—A sound and perfect fruit sometimes shows areas where the skin is reddish brown and rough. This is commonly attributed to too strong a spray. It is frequently caused in that way, but in 1903 and 1904 apples in many unsprayed orchards were russeted. It is caused by any irritation of the skin of the fruit. This is caused by too strong a spray, by late frosts that hurt the skin of the young apple, *Bulletin 170, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. 204 BULLETIN 226. or by anything else that irritates the skin. To prevent injury from the Bordeaux mixture plenty of lime must be used. Four pounds of blue vitriol to fifty gallons of water is sufficient for the later sprayings. This lessens the danger of russeting and seems to be effective in preventing the scab fungus. Six pounds to fifty gallons of water are ordinarily used for the first spraying. Damage to foliage from spraying.—The foliage is sometimes burnt by too strong a spray. This is particularly likely to occur in rainy weather. However, most of the spots on the leaves that are attributed to the spray are not due to the spray, but to fungi. (See page 340.) Professor G. W. Cavanaugh gives the following suggestions about spraying in rainy weather: “In the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, which is made from a solu- tion of blue vitriol and lime, there is a definite chemical union brought about between the copper of the vitriol and the lime. In order that this union may occur, the lime must be in a water-slaked condition, chemically known as calcium hydroxide. Should the lime be air-slaked, 1. e. in the form of carbonate of lime, this chemical union with the copper does not take place. The action of the carbonic acid of the air on water-slaked lime is to change the lime to the air-slaked form. “The chemical union between the lime and the copper in the Bordeaux mixture is not a very stable one. In fact, it is so weak that the carbonic acid of the air can, under certain conditions, break up the union and change even that lime which was combined with the copper into air- slaked lime. This, of necessity, frees the copper and puts it in a condi- tion similar to that where an insufficient amount of lime is used in the orignal mixture. This action of the carbonic acid of the air is facilitated if the mixture remains moist for a considerable time on the foliage. The result of this is a burning of the leaves by the free copper sulfate. When the mixture dries on the trees this action of the gas is so much retarded that no injurious results have ever been noticed. It therefore seems a wise precaution, during a wet season at least, to use more lime than the formula ordinarily calls for.” CEEAP TER VI. RENOVATING AN APPLE ORCHARD IN WESTERN NEW YoRrK. BY CHRISTIAN BUES. With the increase of our knowledge of the “ how ” of apple-production comes naturally a greater interest in the apple business. Out of a few apple-trees around the house has grown the commercial orchard. The manager of a large orchard enters the open market. He learns the value of business methods. He looks for opportunities in the business of apple- production. To plant young trees and nurse them into bearing age is a long-term investment. It should be profitable ultimately. But how shall he find an outlet for his energies while his trees are growing; how shall he improve his trade; in short, where is the immediate opportunity for business ? There are thousands of acres of apple orchards of bearing age in Western New York which are not giving the revenue that they ought to give. Many of these can be bought at a reasonable price. If the trees are in a fairly good state of health the renovation of such orchards may be profitable. We have heard a great deal during the last few years about this feature of fruit-raising. What are the actual facts? A concrete example will illustrate better than any amount of theory. In 1896 Mr. George Pettit bought a “run down” farm at Kenyon- ville, Orleans county, N. Y. The farm was neglected. Therefore the price paid was not high. Fifty-four acres were bought for $2,200. On the farm was an apple orchard of eleven acres, two acres of which had been drowned out, literally killed by standing water, when an outlet could be found not more than fifty yards away into the steep gorge of Oak Orchard creek. This left nine acres of orchard with which to work. The trees had been planted in the spring of 1864, i. e. they were thirty-two years old and should have been just entering into their prime of production. The soil on which this orchard stands is Miami silt loam. (See page 317.) On the remaining nine acres the drainage was not perfect. Because of lack of care the trees were older than their actual age would indicate. Pruning and feeding had been sadly neglected, and canker was rapidly unfitting many limbs for the bearing of a crop. Mr. Pettit tells me that it was in about as bad a state as regards care as it could possibly be. 206 BULLETIN 226. a The problem of renovation was undertaken with vigor. The water was drained off, the land was plowed, and thus the soil brought into such a condition that the plant-food would be available. The trees were freed of dead wood, the worst canker-diseased limbs removed, and the whole was disinfected by the liberal use of Bordeaux mixture and arsenic. Plant-food was supplied to produce the most essential crop—new wood. The following tabulates the cultural method: 1896. Orchard was in sod; the grass was mowed. 1897. Orchard was plowed and beans were grown. 1898. Orchard was manured and beans grown again, followed by crim- son clover. 1899. Orchard was manured and crimson clover plowed under. 1900-1904. Orchard has been manured every year and buckwheat is grown, to be rolled down toward ripening time of the fruit. During the last three years every tree in the orchard received each year one-quarter of a load of manure, to which was added in 1904 for each tree 12 pounds of a good commercial fertilizer containing 8 per cent potash and 10 per cent phosphoric acid. Spraying has always been faithfully done, crop or no crop; for Mr. Pettit knows that he must have a healthy vigorous tree before he can obtain a profitable crop. Here is the spraying program of the season of 1904: First spray: | When blossom buds began to swell. Second spray: As soon as the blossoms dropped. Third spray: About two weeks after second spray. Fourth spray: A partial spray July 25. This had no apparent effect. The spray used was Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, slightly decreasing the amount of blue vitriol with each successive spraying. This orchard may well be called a “ rejuvenated” orchard, for hardly any of the old tree-tops exist now. The Kings, Greenings and Russets have grown entirely new tops in the course of the eight years during which Mr. Pettit has handled the trees, and the Baldwins are doing so, although at a slower rate. I remember one particular Spitzenburg tree which tells the story of many hardships. By continued spraying and generous feeding the many old cankers are nearly overgrown by new wood, and a new top has been produced which looks vigorous and healthy and ready to do business for many years to come. Now if we want to renovate orchards for business, how does the account of this orchard balance? Is it worth while to borrow money in order to invest it in orchard renovation? Mr. Pettit kindly placed at my An APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE CouNnTy, NEW YorK. 297 disposal an itemized account for the season of 1904. The price charged for team and machinery is large enough to allow for ‘ wear and tear.” To the debit should be added interest on capital invested. Every hour of work done in the orchard by the proprietor or by his men has been charged to it. Apple orchard. Apple orchard. 1904. : Debit. 1904. Credit. June To 8 days’ hauling and By 1,765 barrels of apples, No. 1, at spreading manure, at SITIO ahs, aera cichcrevantayclletar ele eteredemerartalets $2,647 50 SIMAG Mee srapsBeleerantnaten acs $12 00 By 75 barrels of apples, No. 2, To 3 days’ teams for haul- Ze eke e, ito tuo ers CRCUL.U CAPO PAG orelahctvisters 75 00 TIT Gy Aion nee cloves custadel ols. ciate 6 00 — To 80 loads of manure, Zl) be aL KO) ESI oiS Clore emp CIOISIIC 120 00 To 1% tons commercial fertilizer, at $20.<..... 30 00 To 2 days’ pruning, at $2. 4 00 To 3 days’ hauling brush. 5 00 To 6 days’ work, spraying, 3 men and team, at $7. 42 00 To 1 day dragging with 3 PORSES serine ate roxgiadeie tance 4 00 To r day dragging with 2 HOESES Mae aiesiccsisrorcsresiens 3 00 To 2 days’ spreading fer- PLIIZOGSM sierctsy aon akechop cas, os 4 00 To 1 day dragging with 3 MOGSESH fvessuecicistaasieel ol otons 4 00 To 1 day hoeing around ERCCSMratalaiaiel te Teesicbsl ol s¥elaye I 50 To 1 day with team...... 3 00 To 1: day cleaning out Ghixa WEN Big oe Cooma csaDUnC I 50 To 1% days’ cultivating, \ Bye kyboeeologanagcnouds mo 6 00 \ June 20. To 3% days’ spraying, at ERA face. Mayas is Busastace suate 24 50 To 1 day getting material. 3 00 To 30 lbs. Paris green, at MESH aye ehlabs, ofeyor ars iereeuetinle,'o he 5 40 To 4oo lbs. blue vitriol, at WAC) alg eninsaon snmioIar oF 23 00 To 4 barrels of lime, at naa SARE cia el ettok 6 io Oita 5 00 To’ 1 pair of pruning Shears” 4 lay stevetaustar tetle ere ye 2 00 July 6. To 1 day of dragging.... 3 00 To % day sowing buck- VASE ES changes alain Sore I 00 25. To spraying 3 hours, at OCe che area syste te tue ve 2 10 To spraying mixture..... 70 To 7 bushels buckwheat Sedan au 75C nemint-is sense = 5 25 Aug. 13. To 4 hours’ breaking buck- VHEKGERE “orp moon odinneonmo 1 60 16. To dragging down buck- wheat) a Horse..:...... 2 00 17. To dragging down _ buck- wheatstn HOLSe’ 2%... «.) 2 00 18. To propping trees, 2 men hotel qaseyeal a elo ole oO 3 00 27. To propping trees, 2 men BIOS DAV Sterne te sich eel eia res 10 00 To 1,840 empty barrels, at” BOC) teva ateeterel Maererorsre he @ « 662 40 To harvesting 1,840 bar- rels of fruit and hauling to the railroad, at 25c... 460 00 GIANG EN «eles trae depiteare 1,260 55 $2,722 50 $2,722 50 Thus our account for this year gives a net profit above expenses of $1,260.55. To do justice to the orchard it is fair to state that at the date 298 BULLETIN 226. when the figures were received there remained about 1,300 bushels of apples in the orchard which might have been sold as evaporating stock had not the evaporators been filled to their utmost capacity. How do the crops taken from the orchard compare with the original investment? It is not possible to give these figures net, as an itemized expense account is not available. The gross returns from the orchard are: LBQO at Ferd tee. te eR Ee 2 Ce ae $250 00 BOOZ 3 SELLS LAS Reine Fe te a ios ete I2 00 TOOS nil NON AR OREN AE. 0 ee 800 00 TSQO. tw Si ER MERE REN IEE ee te 200 0O TQOOM ee Red ic pope ate Sane eee eae 1,200 00 LOOM Pes! ak, We WS M eytae eee soko emake een ome 300 00 LQO2.:. Veins sete eae ae te cere eee 2,000 00 LQO8 ete cies ats dee ah Se Ree eRe 1,400 00 TOOA sce Rise) ata) Sache Ncye e ove iy Ae en 25722) 50) It will be seen that there is a gradual general increase in the amount of the crop. Naturally there exists a corresponding increase in the cost of production and marketing. In a considerable percentage of New York orchards the renovating process has begun. It can not be done according to a fixed schedule. Conditions in one orchard are not often the same as in another. How- ever, the experiences of other men and close observation will soon lead one in the right direction. Two things are most needed. The first is the consideration of the orchard as a business proposition, with which we enter into an account and from which we want to exact a fair profit. We may have to wait a few years for the returns, but we must look for ultimate profits. The usual experience is that vigorously renovated orchards begin to give fair returns in about three years, but this depends on the condition of the trees and the manner of treatment. The second important factor is: the man who takes charge of the orchard should know and love an apple-tree. He should be able to put himself into its position and to realize the various influences which this or that line of treatment would have upon a living organism. Only then can he under- stand such things as why a soil needs draining and why parasites should be kept off. It is not so much any particular kind of soil that produces the apple, or any special brand of fertilizer, or any individual spraying mixture. The essential thing is the crop of thought raised in tw the well-cultivated mind of a nature-loving, mans CHAPTER VIL NuMBER OF TREES PER ACRE AND DISTANCE BETWEEN TREES. The trees are planted too close together—One of the greatest enemies of the apple orchard in Wayne county, as in most other apple-growing regions, is the apple-tree. When the greater part of the orchards were planted, about forty years ago, there was a universal tendency to plant too closely. On 43 per cent of the area planted before 1880 the trees are 30 x 30 feet or less; 82 per cent are 35 x 35 feet or less. Only 18 per cent are over 35 x 35 feet; and a part of these were planted more closely but have been thinned. (See table 23.) ADANSiILID, gE Distance between trees. PLANTED BEFORE 1880. | PLANTED SINCE 1879. DISTANCE APART. | een aA a a aie ae a : | ay gees No. a RINo: Peron woes No. No. Per pee a orchards. | acres. oe ner aoe orchards. acres. peeue Now Over 25x25 it... -| oe Sie een 5 70 3 4 BOx2OtOnsOx3Olt. 16. +o S2heel yn ToS | 116534 | 38 ce Mee 118% | 18 SIRS COBSR IS ci .: eeSGawe | esas a) ro. 1030 Bie Nhe? 148% | 22 86x36 tor40x40 ...-.. ee | 73 Baar | Ge |) 62728 831 328 50 AvexATELONSOR5ONt 5 .,- [een ARS Oi. tas ie eal een Waretd HO). | 6 61 9 Pd We | semi af oe, ae a Planted | Planted | before 1880. | since 1879. Alla ges. Average number of trees per acre:........-.. 43.6 2am? | 41.8 NVenase distamcerapalte. ssa sa eee dees 32126 36.2 2258 | A comparison with the recent plantings shows that many growers have learned not to plant so closely. Nearly two-thirds of the area set since 1879 has the trees 35 x 35 feet or over, the average distance being 36.2 feet or 33.2 trees per acre, as compared with a distance of 31.6 feet and 43.6 trees for the older orchards. Some growers have not yet learned the lesson, and need to have their attention called to it. Forty by forty feet is close enough for nearly all varieties. The Duchess, Wealthy and a few other varieties might perhaps be planted a little closer. Mature Baldwin and Greening trees should be at least 40 x 40 feet apart. t. OFC 299 300 BULLETIN 226. About one-fourth of the orchards in Walworth township were planted on the quincunx system with the rows 20 feet apart and the trees 4o feet apart in the row. This makes the trees in squares 28.4 x 28.4 feet, cornerwise of the field. Some nurserymen recommended this system with the idea of removing every other row, so as to leave the trees 40 x 40 feet. A few growers did this before much damage had been done by crowding, and may have secured enough fruit from the extra trees to pay for the increased labor which these trees necessitated. Outside of Walworth this system was much less used, but the trees averaged almost the same distance apart. Rather than blame the nursery- men who recommended the thinning system, as some have done, we should give them credit for being better informed than most persons of that time, for they recognized that mature trees would need to be 40 x 40 feet. Other persons planted equally close without having any idea that a part would need to be cut out. This system may be all right if carried out, but it is certainly not to be recommended to the general public. Few people have the courage to cut down good, thrifty trees. If they do thin them it is usually not done until the trees have been greatly damaged—all the lower limbs killed. It will be better for most persons to leave out half the trees and raise crops in the orchard for a few more years, or plant some short-lived fruit like peach-trees, that will die before the apple-trees need the room. Effect of close planting on yield and health—The more trees per acre the less the yield. The average yield for four years of orchards where the trees are not over 30 x 30 feet apart is 186 bushels; for those over 30 x 30 feet but not over 35 x 35 feet, 222 bushels; for those over 35 x 35 feet, 229 bushels. (See table 24.) The question is still more important than these figures indicate. In many orchards the trees are being ruined because they are so close together. In Orleans county more growers have removed half the trees, but few in Wayne county have yet done so, and more attention needs to be given to the question. Farmers usually fail to notice what is hap- pening until the trees have been greatly damaged. The decrease in yield does not call attention to the trouble till it is too late. When the tops begin to meet so as to shut out the light from the lower limbs it is time to cut out half the trees. (See Fig. 59.) If this is not done the lower limbs first bear inferior fruit, then no fruit, and finally die. The changes take place so gradually that the owner usually fails to realize what is An APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw YorK. 301 TABLE 24. Distance apart and yield in bushels. Trees set before 188o. WaLWoRTH. | REMAINDER OF Counrry. | ENTIRE County. DISTANCE APART. Aver- | Aver- | wy Aver- No. or- | No. or- No. or-| chards,| Acres. | age, | chards,| eres | 286 | chards.| Acres: | ze 1900. Not over 30x30 feet ... 78 | 285%| 282 22 | 305%| 231 100 | 590%4| 256 Brxel. to, 35x35) feet... 32 | 140%| 380 18 | 217%| 264 50 | 358 314 20x30 to 40x40 feet..:..| 18 | 93 332 6| 80%| 224 2 173%| 282 IQOl. | Not over 30x30 feet.... 83 | 310% 38 23 | 334% 30 106 | 6443%{| 34 BExol-to35x35.leet «... 41 | 206 60 21 | 255% 83 622) 46n 75 36x36 to 40x40 feet .... Ban 1o2 2 8 | 100% 81 4l 292% 88 1902. < | Not over 30x30 feet....| 154 | 5564]. 229 44 | 604%| 212 | 198 | 116034} 220 BExX2T toss x35 eet. > .- 77 | 380%| 249 | 34 | 682%] 212 III | 1063 226 36x36 to 40x40 feet ....| 50 | 33834] 256 It | 115%| 220 61 | 454 249 1903. Not over 30x30 feet.... 65 | 2744%| 252 23 | 342%| 215 88 | 61634| 232 31x31 to 35x35 feet .... 20) le137 309 12 | 112%| 224 Sr | 24034) 271 36x36 to 40x40 feet .... 27 |-25414|| 5302 5 | 74%| 281 Ba || 31716) 206 Four-year average: Iiorowie ts SOr Ot ECE. clon eaten ties caaveere ome eet dee 186 bushels Beets S56 Sop LCC betoe athe eid Ge poses cituwraisieine's) a 222 x Brea. COLAO AOnTeCba nee ee safes soe salon sete ess 229 “a It might seem that the closer plantings would include many old trees, but the change in the distance apart has been made largely since 1880. happening till. some year he finds that instead of an orchard of well- rounded apple-trees he has a lot of forest trees with a bouquet of leaves at the top. In the end the bearing surface becomes the nearly level surface on the tops of the trees. This is a very small surface when compared with a succession of well-rounded tops. (See frontispiece.) If trees are 30 x 30 feet and are left till they interfere so as to kill the lower limbs, the bearing surface approaches the level surface on the top of the trees. Each tree approaches 900 square feet of exposure to sunlight, or bearing surface ; or two trees approach 1,800 square feet. This is what was done in the orchard shown in Fig. 60. The owner of this orchard started to cut out half the trees about ten years ago. He cut down one tree, but it seemed to make such a big hole that he decided to prune them instead. The BULLETIN 226. hut off the sunlight from the lower branches it 5 S S ~~ ~ Ge gy oS ~ —= io) aS os a5 3 So Sag =: Se -S is) iS) Sw ss bg ~ % ~ When the tops be Fic. 59.—Beginning to crowd. —_ AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEW YorK. | 303 figure shows the result. Suppose half of the trees had been cut out at the proper time, they would then be 42.4 x 42.4 feet. This was done by Mr. Albert Woods in the orchard shown in Fig. 61. These trees average about 32 feet high and have a spread of about 40 feet. The area of the surface of a well-rounded tree 32 feet high and having a spread of 40 feet is about 4,000 square feet. Trees of this size still lack 2.4 feet of meeting, and 30 per cent of the surface of the ground is ex- posed to light—none too much. In_ other words they ~are a reasonable distance apate,, but” the one tree has at least twice as much bearing sur- face as the two trees in the former orchard. This calculation as- Suimes. the. tree . to have a regular form ands: 1.2 Of - «Course, hypothetical, but it clearly indicates that there are two reasons why trees that are planted too closely do not bear as much as do those that have Fic. 60—A poor system of pruning. The best bearing wood removed and the trees almost ruined rather than more room: (1) The (1) y cut out half of them. (Compare with Fig. 61.) are not as_ healthy. (2) They do not have as much bearing surface. Trees that are too close together furnish favorable conditions for fungi and insects; they are hard to spray; the apples are more difficult to pick and are of poorer color and quality. Probably the most serious result is an indirect effect of the.death of the lower limbs. Trees are left until the large lower limbs die for want of light. These are then removed and the wounds are too large to heal. In time they cause the trunk to sdeGiys).(See-Fig. 62:) BULLETIN 2206. 304 yj aAvdmod) “punois ay} fo javd yIvas 40f IIUDISIP JUIMAAUOI D 2 AD fay ft ‘osp (09 “B17 0} aurysuns Aof Kjiunjsoddgo uv aais pun uaanrjaq suryso sipaN uaajinof parowads daar saad} ayy {oO fyvEY—'I9Q ° 2 o17 AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 305 Top-grafting or pruning every other row.—Some men have top-grafted half of the trees a few years before cutting them out. Most of those who have tried this would not do so again. It is some expense to do the grafting, and by the time the grafts are ready to bear well it is about time to cut the trees down. Some have cut back the tops of the trees to be removed, leaving the center part to bear a few years before remov- ing the tree. This seems to have paid in some cases, but has not always been satisfactory. Too much must not be expected of any such devices, for they do not relieve the condition under ground. The roots interfere before the tops do. When the tops begin to interfere it is high time to remove half the trees. How to thin.—lf the trees are planted in squares the best way to thin is to cut out every other tree in each row. This is done by cutting out every other row diagonally. It leaves the trees in squares cornerwise of the field. (See Fig. 63.) It is interesting to note what removing half the trees would mean. Persons some- times think that doing so in Fic. 62.—The large lower branches die because ; the trees are too close. The limbs are then feet would leave the remainder removed. and the next stage is a decayed 50 X 50 feet. As a matter of trunk. Notice the holes in the second tree on the left. ai @rchard that is 25 x .25 fact they would be in squares of 35.3 x 35.3 feet, when viewed from the corners of the field; 1f 30 x 30 feet, and half removed, the remainder would stand 42.4 x 42.4 feet; if 33 X 33 feet, and half removed, they would be 46.7 x 46.7 feet. None of these distances is too great for large, mature trees. If 35 x 35 feet, and half removed, they would be 49.5 x 49.5 feet. Large Baldwin trees can make good use of this much room. One of the problems to be met in thinning is that, if every other tree is . removed regularly, there will be some places where the tree to be cut out 306 BULLETIN 2206. is better than the one to be left; or it may occur that the one which should be left is missing. Will it pay to leave a tree that would otherwise be removed if it comes next to a vacant place? This question must be SL Trees Removed SB Trees Left Standing m Trees Missing Fic. 63.—Diagram showing half the trees removed. The dotted lines show that S S the trees remaining are in squares cornerwise of the field. answered as each case arises, but it 1s well to remember that if the tree is left it will damage one side of three other trees. Before cutting out the trees it will pay to make a map of the orchard and locate the vacant spaces and poor trees, and so determine which way of cutting will include the greatest number of these. In Fig. 63 the rows AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, New YorK. 307 bb, dd, ff, etc., or the rows cc, ee, gg, etc., may be removed. Sometimes it will make a difference of several trees which is done. Suppose that the trees marked m are poor trees or missing; then by removing rows bb, dd, etc., five of these will be included. If the other set of rows are removed only two will be included, a gain of three trees by the former method—enough to much more than pay for the trouble of making the map. It requires courage to go into a fine apple orchard, one that has been watched over for years, and cut out good, healthy trees. But in many orchards the time has come when a choice must be made between two poor trees or one good one. If one has definitely made up his mind that his trees are crowding, perhaps the best way to thin them is to do as the owner of a fine Baldwin orchard of twenty acres did. He decided which rows should be removed. Then, to be sure that he would not repent and have some of the trees left, he went away on a two weeks’ visit while the boys did the work. CHALLE Ry 11. 'AGE OF THE ORCHARDS. Date of planting.—Few of the old orchards are now owned by the men who set them, or even by the descendants of these men. It is, therefore, difficult to get the exact age in all cases, but the reports are probably accurate enough to give reliable conclusions. Most of the trees set before 1850 were for the purpose of supplying the family wants. About this time growers began to set commercial orchards. The majority were set between 1860 and 1875. The number planted decreased till 1895. Since then there has been a gradual increase. (See table 25.) The young orchards are nearly all in the north part of the county. Very few trees have been set in the south part during the last twenty-five years. (Some discussion of the reason for this will be found on page 2509.) TABLE 25. Number of acres planted during each five-year period. The table includes only those orchards that are still living. Some of the earlier plantings have disap- peared. DATE OF PLANTING. No. of orchards. | No. of acres. | Per cent. | f Before uiCAO Mey. tee kee one etn | 18 73 | 2 MeOnrio) (GK TELIA) 5 so np obaascodeoee | 33 167% | 4% SOs GA aie ae cs cle ute tench ema ee | 42 167 | 4% MORE ACO aN. es nga eg den ee ee | 45 298% | 8 TP OOO= OAs 4 Memes gos Pee oe Re ae | 153 810% | 22 Tite, O)S = 010 jean ea eRe ark ree er tn ar Pe Op QI rie | 19 TO7O—7AN oe NS iyi Sa ete cn RI eee 67 | 450 12 TO T5H7O Ma dei aces a tne ere 43 | 38014 10 SSOSCA air csth Beene | a te 22 | 194 5 NSO SACO neat, rea reek See | 12 | 71% 2 TEVA aera eet ee ERE 19 | 54 1% ISO S=IOVOK}. (Ke VASEUES) 5 co aoa ooboeson- | 47 | 377 10 Yield at different ages—The fact that apples are the chief source of income for so many farmers, and that practically every one considers them to be a paying crop, would seem to raise the question of why more orchards are not planted. The great deterrent to such planting is the long time that one must wait for returns. With the usual treatment of 308 AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 309 Baldwin and Greening trees they do not begin to be profitable for nearly twenty years. A much less profitable crop that gives returns the first year can therefore compete with apples. If well cared for, the trees will usually pay sooner. But the very fact that it is so long before a revenue is secured causes the owner to neglect the trees, so that the normal period is increased. The young orchard usually takes its place as a field in the crop rotation, and is therefore in sod or small grain half the time. One frequently sees young orchards in wheat-fields or hay-fields. “The short growth, knotty bodies and yellow leaves tell the story of shallow roots, dry soil, borers, and all the ills which every farmer who follows such methods deserves to have iets Bae se | epi =, bel = () a5 NTY| Fic. 64.—Diagram showing the yield in bushels at different ages. fastened to his trees.”* Grain and hay should never be grown in a young orchard. The first thing to grow is an apple-tree. ‘Tilled crops are the only ones that can be grown without damaging the trees and lengthening the period before they are ready to bear. (See Figs. 41, 42 and 43.) Many of the orchards now being. set are composed of Ben Davis, Hubbardston, Duchess and other early-bearing varieties, but Baldwin and Greening still hold a place. *Cornell Bulletin 72. 310 : BULLETIN 2206. It is a long time to wait for Baldwins and Greenings to begin to bear, but they make up for this delay by continuing to be profitable for many yeats. The Jife oi an apple-tree has commonly been spoken of as about forty to fifty years, but the maximum yield in Wayne county is not reached till forty-four years from the time of planting. (See table 26 and Fig. 64.) After this there is a gradual decrease. Several orchards set before 1820 are still profitable. With the better care that trees are now receiv- ing, their age of max- imum yield will doubtless be increased. It is probable that the returns for good treatment will be even more marked in pro- longing the life of the orchard than in in- creasing the annual yield. (See Fig. 65.) There are very few 45-year-old trees that have not seen some very rough treatment. They have gone a number of years with- out any fertilization Fic. 65—Ninety-six years old and still young. This OF tillage. The canker- orchard contains about 145 of the original 270 trees worm has feasted on set 96 years ago. Orchard of J. A. Kuck, Kuckuville, them; cattle have - Orleans county. damaged them. They have gone years without pruning, or, worse, have had large limbs cut off in such a way that the wounds can not heal. Some orchards of this age are composed of sound, thrifty trees that give promise of an increased yield for some years to come. Will it pay to plant young orchards?—From the ages at which the yields begin to decrease it would seem that in about twenty years a large AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, New York. 311 part of the present orchards would cease to be profitable. It must be remembered that table 26 includes only those orchards that have survived. Many orchards set sixty-five years ago have entirely disappeared. TABLE 26. Age and yield per acre in bushels. 1900. IQOr. DATE OF PLANTING. == SS SS SS eae No. acres. Yield | Sr are ji eeNosiacress 9) sYaeld Before 1840... ...2....: 4 10 215 7 24% = 83 MOA O=4 Olas pseehe wai saa gs I IO 200 6 37 38 MOG Os GH Mts ed nh a sO 43 245 13 47 34 AS s acts eae Soe era 9 | 3 368 17. 84% 67 [OT Or ee ea en 54 | 2783, | 347 63 360% 57 i SASE(C Cee eee a || 266) 4|| 203 A4 405 55 SOG ler Oe EO frig be 26 | 238 210 34 278% 61 Ose Once aes ae 12 81% 255 15 ror 64 MOGOSO MAS re -Retiyen es @. | 67 164 9 69 | 6 BOOS SON i). scene e: t=. 5 80 I ae A 0 USGO=O5e sees 4 18 50 4 14 | 36 TABLE 26—Concluded. 1902 1903. ares DATE OF i ts yt ps PLANTING. ‘ ees | < x Water . oO. 75 . c re | ra | orehard’. | acres, | oe oe Bares Waa) age tect | Before 1840...... 14 60 175 I 1% 210 64 L7I TSAO=AOne 20s eee 17 03% 186 3 18 267 50 173 MOSO=SAbeacs Sone 3 154 220 ing 4834 224 49, 181 MOS G=SOn ane 2 34 25514 281 12 161% 312 44 257 IGOO=O04 a Soh be: II5 61234 232 54 284% 236 39 218 ROOSH=OO man mere 74 652 212 25 27434 238 34 200 MO7O—FAN? Seen ese SI 380% 222 23 211% 261 2 IgI ie y/s=910 eee. BOS 2 138% 204 II 4534 286 24 202 MGGO—OA 05 lust sone 9 120 133 7, 47% 155 19 II5 TGOSHOOk is «2 eee 6 26 42 I 10 140 14° 66 MOQO=OG a 44 + chats s's.2 10 21% 29 seo 100 9 54 The tabulation for each division of the county gives the maximum yield at this same age—44 years. 312 BULLETIN 2206. It is difficult to tell just how much effect the better care will have in pro- longing the life of the trees, but it is quite certain that the well-cared-for orchards will continue to pay much longer than the average. But over half the orchards are not well cared for, and it is perfectly reasonable to suppose that many of these neglected ones will be gone in twenty years. The advisability of planting more orchards to take the place of these old ones is therefore worth considering. More immediate profit would come from the rejuvenation of the old orchard. CHAPTER IX. SorIts AND Sort PROBLEMS. Topography. Topographical regions—Wayne county is divided into two distinct topographical regions: a very hilly or drumlin region, and a region of gently rolling land; but each of these regions has a subdivision, so that we have four divisions (see Fig. 66) : (1) A drumlin area. (2) A region where the drumlins were once wholly or par- tially submerged. (3) A gently roliing glaciated area. (4) An area of roll- ing land that was formerly the old lake bed. The elevations above sea level vary from 246 feet, the Fic. 66.—Topographical regions. I. Drumlin area. I. Region where the drumlins were once wholly or partially covered by the lake. III. Gently rolling 670 feet, the top of glaciated area. IV. Old lake bed. tre hiehest «hull, level of the lake, to During the glacial period the lake level was about 440 feet above sea level, or about the height of the “ridge”. This ridge was a sand-bar or lake shore line. The present sand-bar running across Sodus Bay probably appears somewhat as the ridge appeared during this period. (See Fig. 141.) This ridge is more or less continuous from Sodus Bay to Buffalo. It is a gravel formation ten to thirty feet high and about four rods wide on top. It makes a natural roadway and has always been used for that purpose. The Rochester and Sodus Bay trolley line, built on this nature- graded roadbed, has furnished a very important supplement to the rail- roads in marketing the fruit of the northern part of the county. During the glacial period the entire county was covered with a thick mass of ice. This ice was gradually moved southward, and carried with it 313 314 BULLETIN 226. the stony material that now makes up the soil of the south part of the county. This material was deposited in the long hills, or drumlins, and in the sheet of stony material that occurs between them. The depth of this covering of glacial drift varies from a few feet to about one hundred and seventy-five feet. In many places between the hills the bed-rock is very close to the surface, what soil there is having been largely brought from the hills by the rains. In some places the bed-rock is still uncovered. Many of the small streams that drain the area run on this rock. In order to drain some of the lower land, the rock must be blasted out in order to deepen the streams. The drumlin area.—About two-thirds of the county is covered with a succession of the long north and south hills or drumlins. (See page 364.) Fic. 67.—Near Sodus Bay. A sandy soil. This was formerly the old lake bed. The hills in the foreground have been caused by subsequent erosion. These hills have a slightly northwest and southeast direction. They are from one-fourth of a mile to three miles long—usually a little over a mile—and are about one-fourth as wide as long. Their tops are from 450 to 670 feet above sea level, and rise from 75 to 175 feet above the valleys. These heights for such narrow hills give very steep east and west slopes. The north and south slopes occupy comparatively little of the area. The former are abrupt, the latter more gentle. The greater part of the elevated land, therefore, consists of very steep east and west slopes. The orchards are situated on these slopes and on some of the rolling land of lower levels. The soil type of the hills and the higher part of the lower land is the Miami stony loam. (See page 316.) The drumlin area that was once partly submerged.—In the northeast part of the county, east of Sodus Bay, there is a considerable area where An APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, New York. 315 the drumlins were once islands or were covered by the lake at the same time when the ridge was formed. (See Fig. 67.) The sediment depos- ited in the quiet water that filled these lower places formed the Miami silt loam (see page 317), which has proved to be an excellent apple soil. The higher-lying land is mostly the Miami stony loam and Alton stony loam. Areas of Miami fine sand also occur. The gently rolling, glaciated area.—Between the ridge and the drum- lins of Marion and Walworth townships the soil was mostly removed by the glaciers. In many places the rock is so near the surface as to inter- fere with the growth of apples. The soil is a good apple soil where deep enough and where there is an outlet for the water. Area of rolling land that was once the lake bed.—North of the ridge the land was once the old lake bed. The soil is formed from sedimentary deposits in the old lake and to some extent from deposits by the glaciers. It is now a gently rolling plain with a quite variable soil. (See Fig. 144.) In many places the drainage is poor, but there are many desir- able sites for orchards. The soil tvpes used for apples are the Alton stony loam, Miami silt loam and Miami fine sand.* Soils. The soil types—The chief apple soils of the county are the Miami stony loam, the Miami silt loam and the Alton stony loam. Apples are also grown on the Miami fine sand, the Ontario gravelly loam and on a phase of the Alton stony loam that has the bed-rock too near the surface.+ *For a further discussion of the topography, geology and origin of soils, see Part II of this report. +For a more extended discussion of soils, see the report of “A Soil Survey of the Lyons Area,” a reprint from the “ Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1902.” This gives a discussion of the soils and a soil map of all the county except the west tier of townships. It is sent free to all who apply to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. This report was not published at the time the orchard survey was made, so that the soil classification was independent of the Bureau of Soils, though following the same methods. More subdivisions were made in the orchard work, with the idea of combining, if the differences were found to be insufficient to warrant the separa- tion. The Miami stony loam, Alton stony loam and Miami fine sand were each divided into two subtypes. These divisions seem to be entirely unnecessary. One subdivision of the Alton stony loam, in which the bed-rock is so near the surface as materially to affect the production of apples, is retained as a distinct type. The Ontario gravelly loam was mapped by the Bureau of Soils with the Miami stony loam and Alton stony loam. This is kept as a distinct type. The smallness of the 316 BULLETIN 226. The Miami stony loam is the stony soil that covers the drumlins and most of the rolling’ land between these hills. It is a light brown loam, eight to ten inches deep, containing five to forty per cent of stone and gravel. The stones are usually small and well rounded. The subsoil is a brownish-yellow, stony loam. The proportion of stone and gravel usually increases at greater depths, but the reverse is sometimes true. The gravel is sometimes cemented together so as to form a gravel hard- pan. This occasionally occurs near enough to the surface to interfere with the growth of apple-trees. Table 27 gives a summary of the average mechanical analyses of four samples of this soil. TABLE 27. Mechanical analyses of the fine earth of Miami stony loam. Average of four samples, three of which were taken from the report of the Bureau of Soils. Soil. Subsoil. Per cent. Per cent: Opeanic smattersscc soe halen Cs eee oO ern ee eee 1.06 16 tle) Fine gravel and coarse sand (2 —oO.5mm). , DE a eae 6. 7 Medium, fine and very fine sand (0.5 —o. 05 mm). = hs ely AAS 46. Silt (0.05 —0.005 mm).. Pin aR Aaa A OAT An Reo a SO 34. Clay (0.005 — 0.0001 mm).. Peden ee A REE, Sods vn Ou a Pore Mcilig: re3e, The Alton stony loam.—This type of soil occurs north of the drumlin area. The surface soil, to a depth of seven to ten inches, consists of brown sandy or silty loam. The subsoil is a yellowish-brown sandy or silty loam. The type contains ten to fifty per cent of stone, which gen- erally consists of more angular fragments than those in the Miami stony loam. It also contains more.fine sand or silt than that type. South of the ridge there are considerable areas of it that contain limestone frag- ments. Table 28 gives the averages of three analyses of this type. TABLE 28. Mechanical analyses of the fine earth of the Alton stony loam. Average of three analyses made by the Bureau of Soils. Soil. Subsoil. Per cent. Per cent. Oygarive airatier -s535) cp cietcos cassie em oree tes or dk Ee 3.890 61 Fine. gravel and coarse sand (2—0.5mm)................- 5. 4. Medium, fine and very fine sand (0.5 —0.05 mm).......... Be 46. Silt (OSOS 0 005: mint) ect eh eee eke Petascale cirorre 30. eile Clay o005— 0} OOOM mn) eeeieic cee oes aca tee cite ee 19. individual areas would make it difficult, if not impossible, to map it separately by the Bureau of Soils method. The Miami silt loam (called the Elmira silt loam in the Bureau of Soils report, but since changed to Miami silt loam) corresponds exactly with one of the classifications made by the writer. In general the soil types and the mechanical analyses agree remarkably well for results secured from inde- pendent work. AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 317 South of the ridge, in the west part of the county, there are considerable areas of the Alton stony loam, where the soil rests on limestone rock that is so near the surface as to interfere with the growth of apples. The soil is too shallow to admit of good root-growth or to allow good drainage. The Miami silt loam.—This is a brown or yellowish-brown silt loam, eight or ten inches deep, underlaid by brownish-yellow or yellow silty loam. This type occurs on the rolling land near the lake and around Sodus Bay. (See table 29.) TABLE 20. Mechanical analyses of Miami silt loam. Average of four samples, three of which were analyzed by the Bureau of Soils. Soil. Subsoil, Per cent. Per cent, ONASIATIS SATEN AISI cha ReNseE Gar aoS PD ae Es CEE ol Ee cee oie 1.44 BOD Fine gravel and coarse sand (2—0.5 mm). ESOT erret es Th ; Medium, fine and very fine sand (0.5 —o. os mm). Bie ee ee 18. Slee (OMOS(——ONOOSMIIN Netcare asiveoie dee ccc ose 64. 66. Clava (OROOSi— ©, OOOM Mil), cam iter stne ecient wae as, SLs 14. Miami fine sand.—This type is a light brown sandy loam, eight or ten inches deep, underlain by light yellow sand, usually free from stones. Its chief occurence is north of the ridge. (See table 30.) TABLE 30. ; Mechanical analyses of the Miami fine sand. Average of three analyses made by the Bureau of Soils. Soil. Subsoil. Per cent. Per cent. (ONESENGINS TAMENELENEN GaN teen ae eR HEL: anaes 2s 0.38 ane gravel and coarse sand (2—090.5 mm). RAN : ; Medium, fine and very fine sand (0.5 —o. os mm). ee Wists 85. Silt (0.05 —0.005 mm).. Bot CARTE TENS ea Ree Ee wet eae WA's Q. Glee (NGO CMON OITA ea tories ek Moe oes. Be 2», Ontario gravelly loam.—This is a brown gravel underlain by a light brown gravel or gravelly loam. The predominating characteristic is the gravel. Most of the gravel is less than one inch in diameter. It occurs in small deposits in the Miami stony loam and is the common type along the ridge. It is a very open soil—too well drained. Along the ridge it is nearly all planted to apples. The deposits of gravel that occur in the drumlins are frequently used on the public roads. (See Fig. 69.) Average yield on the different soil types—Table 31 shows the average yields on the six different types of soil. The number of orchards on the last three types is not large enough to give positive results. The table 318 BULLETIN 226. shows definitely that the Miami stony loam averages better than the Alton stony loam and that the soil with the bed-rock near the surface is by far the poorest of all. I believe that the four-year average shows the rela- tive merits of the soils quite accurately, except that the average for the Ontario gravelly loam seems to be a little too high. It is certain, how- ever, that this type usually gives a good yield. All previous discussions of apple soils, so far as I have been able to determine, would consider this a very poor apple soil. TABLE 31. Average yield in bushels on different soil types. Trees set before r188o. 1900. IQOl. SOIESDVEE: 7 = No. A No. A orchards! ENCES: mae | orchacds, Bue. veld Milaniivstonys loam: seis oner 116 542% 287 159 8344 57 Norn Gworasy ORIN ss 455 5o6 bo ok 24 182 255 20 144% 33 Alton stony loam (bed rock MeATISUGiAce) Shiseen Ace | 8 35 218 s 26 7 Moan silt loamai es o-ch aeaerel Jol Mae 379 Pea vat’ 99 Ontario gravelly loam........ 2 U7, 474 7 35% 73 Miami fine sandy loam........ | 5 AI 100 6 SI 93 TABLE 31—Concluded. i 1902. 1903. Four- SOIL TYPE. = —- ee year No. | | Av No. ; A Bim | oreharae! NES veges erenarde| ole viatae Miami stony loam....... 272 | 141934 234 132 78834 283 215 Alton stony loam........ 43 358 215 19 185 229 -| 183 Alton stony loam (bed rock near surface)....| 12 66 151 5 29% 237 153 Mitarmiiesili loaner sae | 8 12 260 3 44 214 238 Ontario gravelly loam.. | 12 63% 205 2 9 278 280 Miami fine sandy loam . || 8 63 353 7 172 220 192 Summary of the soil factor in apple-production.—While the kind of soil is important, in this locality, it is evidently not the most important factor in apple-production and is not as important as the kind of treatment that the soil receives. The kind of care required varies with the soil. The Miami silt loam will doubtless produce a good crop with less manure 7 AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE County, NEw York. 319 than is required on any of the other types. The Miami stony loam is next strongest. The other types require larger applications of manure, but give good results when so treated. These latter are more open and are more in need of humus. The soil with the bed-rock near the surface is entirely unsuited to apples. For the best production of apples, there should be at least six feet of well-drained soil in every part of the orchard. Drainage. The condition of the natural drainage.—In selecting a soil for an orchard, more important than chemical or physical composition is the Fic. 68.—In the center of a 35-acire orchard that is on a lull. Several acres have been gradually killed and many more damaged by ground water. This land has grown up to weeds and gives no income. It could easily be drained. question of drainage. No well-drained soils were found in the county that were not producing good crops of apples when properly cared for. The majority of the orchards are on fairly well drained land. A large number would be benefited by underdrainage, but in some cases the bene- fit would not be great enough to pay. Some orchards have been set on such wet land that they have entirely failed; others have one corner extending down into a low place where drainage is needed; others are divided by small “draws” that need underdrains. Where the orchards are on steep hillsides it might seem as if underdrainage would be unnecessary, but there are many places where the seepage water calls for drains. In other places the long slopes accumulate such a large volume 320 BULLETIN 226. of surface water that drains are needed. Fig. 68 shows a 35-acre orchard, in the center of which are several acres that have been drowned out. This orchard is on a high hill and has a fair slope, but it needs drainage. There is usually a strip of poorly drained land on each side of the “ ridge”. Kettle-holes occur occasionally in the north part of the county. Ina few orchards near the lake shore there are successions of parallel waves of land, making a few rods of good soil followed by some that needs drainage. In the northeast part of the ‘county several orchards were examined the foliage of which was of a red- dish hue when viewed from’ a | sting a fijneh Cap HNE elo eye TO eee eee orca 4.6 These results were obtained by dividing the average yields per acre (table 23) by the average number of trees per acre (table 15). AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF ORLEANS County, NEw YorK. 491 TABLE 25. Classification of yields. sh eee | 1900. IQOI. | 1902. PER ACRE IN ; yl SE] aa =a a re Bue hte \ Novel | Ne,acres. | cent, | ctands,| NO Acre: |vceat. \ehasdes| NO acres | cent 0 to aoe 36 391 24.8 | 118 1213 WORL || EO (aie || Bitedate) IOE to 200....| 26 252) || TOLOn he sOmnl rs. 204 ROMON NOSE eee Ons 26.9 ZOMtO=300. 5-2) 53 416% | 26.4 8 65% 4.1 | 89 805% | 24.7 301 to 400....| 26 O22 zee 3 18 Toll 53 455 14.0 AOMtOV5SOOh. =|) 923 165% | 10.5 3 27 ie 28 DOE MN Goel SOI tooo0n. 24) 10 88 CAO al eg eeretancs [Fayette ieeese || are) aiekall 22 TG ae |e Ae GO to1700.-0 3.4 |/.i...! 45 Dea Oe lees nea loita ke le Ise ete. 0) 63% 2.0 701 to 800.... a 21% Tari | rae pall ast Roebteaene ell | eocs cece 4 17% ous SOU OL@ OG erwery eee ve rere lavcueve: = lesteneasnetel | atcneteheysileneeosa eye tewancllarererercuoi| tet viueneilisna + alrarcuatsrallivce ntetsie GOMtOMOOOMAs Nee ose see [Pecerspeeellineesne: Wes cea seste h. eenore 3 25 0.8 @ver 1000.44. I Gi) | POW ABA ian caters Sea lersecn Ale Gre Re reecaey Sane he becneactons TABLE 25—Concluded. 1903" Ose Five-year ED Ve ee IN | average tiene | Novacres: | cone Veperas Noe | cent | CLC RRGTS ae ee 71 674 TONAL 2 298% | 10.8| 29.4 HOWTOs 2O Ofeys ees castetslevaie stole: 124 1169 28.4 | 49 530% | 19.5 | 2S OWA) BIOS os OOO Be Oe 13 1248% | 30.3 | 55 631% | 22.8 217, BOM tOrdOOeae tn ieaer a tec se 62 407 |: 12.1 | 52 508% | 18.4 11.6 AOI WO AAD Oo cro cher eee Cee OS 38 292 Fit Wk eo 399% | 14.4 8.2 Ost OLOOOR Smee esis e aos. a: 13 107% DAO) |e 2A 239% 8.7 Ane GOOF ZOO lose once ne oe 6 37 GEG) i) 2 Tiga eo Ley OTE OMSO Onset ote years eels: s 1 I 65 1.6 5 29% Ist 0.9 SO Te LORQODE ec .tc tis ee clei ayes 5 2ereul p Ong, 5 25% | 0.9 0.3 QOLECOROOO eine eS = Sestar ve Sal aoa once leek Iafrate ohtiliereres BS > 2 8% 0.3 0.2 OEE OMNOOn a rs a S85 aan hos a iy|n jects). Sut Ss Kellen ye I 8 0.3 0.1 Markets.—The characteristic feature of the apple industry in Wayne county is the evaporator; in Orleans county it is the sorting-table. In Wayne county a large part of the crop goes to the evaporator without sorting out the best apples; in Orleans county too much of it is barreled. Few, if any, farmers in Orleans county run their own evaporators. This may partly explain the low price paid for apples to be evaporated (com- pare table 27 with table 44 in Bulletin 226), but the difference is largely due to the fact that in Orleans county only the culls and drops are usually dried. It seems that each county might learn much from the other. Wayne county should spray better and then sell more of the crop in barrels. Orleans county should sort much more closely and then keep 492 BULLETIN 229. the poor apples to evaporate. When put in the barrel, these only detract from the price paid and lower the reputation of the grower and of the county. There is at present a strong tendency to put up only one grade, the farmers thinking it is best to keep the poor apples at home. But in practice this frequently seems to mean _ that, instead of keeping the “ seconds ”’ at home, both “firsts ’ and “seconds. eet into the one barrel. If apples were more carefully sorted, the culls would be worth more and might approach the price paid in Wayne wie county for apples to Fic. 169.—Wolf River, of the Alexander type. evaporate. If the evap- orators refused to pay this, some of the farmers might follow the Wayne county example, and put up their own evaporators. Perhaps no question is of greater importance than this one of the quality of the fruit. It is a county question. One man may raise the best of fruit and may sort and pack it carefully, but it is very hard for him to get its real value if his neighbors raise poor fruit. Buyers continually mention and honestly lament the fact that the price must be so largely determined for the community. The good apples sell the poor ones. It TABLE 20. How the crop is disposed of. Igoo. Igol. Igo2, HOW MARKETED. Bushels. ees Bushels. nee Bushels. Bee soldamybanre sion. pi sete ite oer 325, 821 | O1.7 | 112,962 | 93:2) GSa; quay eoere Soldtinibullk) yey eee eee eee 19,700 | 5.5 3,708) | )3.1 |) 50sner Gis? Solditoievaporateee ee eee eee 9,968 | 2.8 4.440 | 3.7 | 70,406 9.7 Sold to vinegar factory......... DA eee eee Meer Egan (5 Scadao |) aodoc Otherwise disposed of............ Ihe eet Soul) ued’, scaliong IA AREY 2s ac! Sep il CaaS ad ie reel ee eta | eee | AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF ORLEANS County, NEW YORK. 493 TABLE 26—C oncluded. 1903. 1904. HOW MARKETED, | Bushels. Per | Bushels. Per SGlal Taslonierel seeds sace aroeconthes cio. col Aeatenine S19, 204) |sS257 1 627,237 | 72.1 Soldbineb tlle aces. cees in eerie: Alene 220 TOAT eae 17,909 Ped Solditorevaponatewacccric cui opener meee & 128, O9O-|: 12.97 )5153,1008|. 17.6 Solditonvinesaniactonyesss seso oe eens ee aier: 4,450 | 0.5 53, 626 6.2 Other wisedisposed Ol <... cscc... vaetdemmectere- Sia iene oe F200 a" 20.7 ks 171720 2.0 To get the number of barrels, divide the number of bushels by 3. Those sold in bulk were nearly all sold to be barreled. The table indicates too small a proportion sold to dry or for vinegar as the farmers pay little attention to these. This is particularly true for crops before 1903. The 1904 report is probably correct in this respect. Of the 72.1 per cent barreled in 1904, 64.3 per cent were “firsts” and 7.8 per cent “oe were “seconds” or “ drops.” is exceedingly difficult to pay $2 per barrel to one man and then buy of his neighbor at $1.50. When a buyer offers these prices he is met by the unanswerable argument that, ‘‘ My apples are as good as my neighbor’s,” and he is quite likely to offer $1.75 to both men. Every effort should be made to persuade the man who raises poor fruit, to improve his product not only for his own good but for the good of the whole county. The County Fruit Growers’ Association is doing good work along this line. Prices.—Table 27 gives the average prices for the past five years. The price per barrel in 1904 is too low, for it includes only those that were sold when the reports were received, about January 25th. At this time 18 per cent of those that were barreled were still held by the farmers. These were worth more than the average price. TABLE 27. Average price paid to the grower. 1goo, IgOr. 1902. | 1903. 1904. eGice per DAaLLelaawiee a ep ene Shean Al Sacmey Sie Zo) Stes $1.46 iEnice per bushel soldiim pullxems sence. .224 382 "278 302 .260 Price per 100 pounds (2 bushels) sold) HOUT Vis No oc) AS Lae ee .178 298 .218 . 268 .194 Price per 100 pounds (2 bushels) sold PREMIO DAT ocr: a) ASIN AAA ROE oO Ne Aw a tecarall darren .154 | .148 In 1904 the average price of firsts was $1.49 per barrel; of seconds and drops, $1.15. 494 BULLETIN 220. Expenses and income per acre.—Table 28 gives the average gross income per acre for the past five years, and table 29 shows how these incomes were distributed. Fic. 170.—One of the original Hubbardstons of Western N. Y. in the orchard of Mr. T. B. Wilson, Hall’s Corners, Ontario county, N. Y. Unfortunately, the average expense per acre can not be secured, as few farmers keep any record of expenses. ‘The largest expense is tor barrels, picking, packing and marketing the fruit. One orchard of 9 acres, for which an itemized account was kept in 1904, gave a total expense of $339.55 for tillage, pruning, fertilization, spraying, labor, etc. The cost of barrels, picking, etc., was $1,122.40 (Bulletin 226, page 297). This made an expense of $37.73 per acre for raising the crop up to the time of picking, not including interest on the land. Probably not over five to AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF ORLEANS County, NEW YORK. 495 ten per cent of the orchards cost this much, but it would pay to spend this amount in nearly all orchards. The average grower probably spends from one-fourth to one-half this amount. There are many neglected orchards in which there is practically no expense up to the time of picking. Table 30 gives an approximate estimate of the cost of barrels, picking, packing and marketing. It includes only that part of the crop that was -sold in barrels. Barrels cost 34 to 38 cents in 1904, cost as much or more in 1903, and cost less formerly. It costs about 25 cents per barrel for all labor connected with marketing, Io to 12 cents of which is paid for picking. This gives a total cost of about 60 cents per barrel, which, of course, varies from year to year with the cost of labor and of barrels. It is probably a little low for 1903 and 1904. TABLE 28. Average gross income per acre. OOO pee ee et wenn conan HTT SN SEAMC es a chavs aASt afd Mic. becht Means $122 00 HOG Sete Raise SAAT Dek TA CC Sir orton cares ane aera 58 00 TG (OAT SA RES ol a EROS CLR REICES EP k Ge ENE NESE Cae ea 134 00 HO OR Se etal SONS eae re eis Aes ove ine Wine a holy Sa ears 126 09 MQ OA MR eat eiNe cre wee nae ncnte eschin tooxeorco tiers ek ami cha e Chee etueras me I16 00 TABLE 20. Classification of incomes. 1900. IQOl. 1902. INCOME ABE ON No. or- Per | No.or- Per |No.or-| . Per chards,| No. acres. | cent. | chards.| No. acres. | cent, | chards.) No. acres. | cent, $ On torse25isie| 07 169 10.4 | 04 877% | 44.2 | 2 287% | 8.5 20 atOie SON. 24: 308% | I9.I 32 203% | 14.8 | 30 341% | 10.1 In ay Gisjecalle ats 109 Ozone n 203 NOCSh eee 271 alert JO 7OetOm OOS. ||" 277 COMM co) Whale) 213% | 10.8} 38 304 9.0 LOL tO pies s\0 28 230 TAs Oy | 15 113% Sz) OO 558 16.5 120 tO MAE GOne apt 130% 8.1 II 104 5-3 | 34 207 8.8 TEM O) Aso al 13} go 5.6 5 46% 2a esi 307 g.1 TOM LOMm2OO es ale 122% Tey, 5 38 NOM 25 184 5-4 AAO Wo) AIS) © ie 87% 5.4 ZB VBA 0.4 17 139% 4.1 226) to250". 4 2 Tes I 18 0.9 12 85 2G 255 tOme75e. 4 43 BG) 3 32 1.6 10 07 2.9 276 to 300.. 4 24% TG Et | cere tral llegencs ate.) awe | noe ec II 84 25 Selle Wy GDS o's I 6 0.4 I 8 0.4 6 Or 1.8 B20 CON o5One 2 7% OMS Romer alliemae ee Setar lbal! ite 2 5 35 1.0 a5 tors75 I ) ORO eye re tell eectees mets leetenn Wi 69% Dit 370-tO> 400% a\eter az peereteee seem alle t= Ayilee. bret yste« [Rese casters I 6 0.2 AGI LOe AgGr: | «ts cen [escapees 4 SEA ey a esas Sie tape hen DP ae 2 79 2h 426 to 450.. I 23 Tiypetl) PEGs ener RR rite ote 2 nF 0.5 AG Mean ibys | x= a aiacen at hap oeeteneh ence [re svevenetel lierar).c Ree | eashenees atersiet fu eves es I 13 0.4 AGS 10). ‘Hole al Saeee | atte eee cei [eee eae 3 21 Teal I 7 0.2 Over Gsooren es scene ence nanan I 6 0.3 2 23 | On 496 BULLETIN 220. TABLE 290—Concluded. 1903. 1904. _ a INCOME = |——————_ ____—— metas — pk! PER ACRE, | Bees. No. acres. | Per cent. Pa ey No.acres. | Per cent,.:| per cent. S53 Woyad Boer ol 28 206 4.9 17 192 6.5 14.9 26 TOM SOee 44 504 12.0 29) 415 14.1 14.0 Bitte) “PRs 5 - 50 | 439% 10.4 36 34414 The 7, 10.0 7OntO NOOMEE 63 680% 16.2 31 419% 14.3 12.8 HOI (Wo) WAS. 3 62 574% 13.6 44 434 14.8 136 120 tO) 1 SOne: yaks lee Sine 292 26 2754 9.4 8.8 TE TCY UFGos 3 47 371 8.8 30 248 8.4 6.8 176 tOW2Z00.-4 34 | 268% 6.4 18 283 9.6 6-2 201 to 225... 29 253% 6.0 14 116% 4.0 4.0 220M On 25Oser) 18 140% 258 15 110% 3.8 Py PISO 0) | AIS) a 12 78 1.9 4 16% 0.6 1.9 270i) 300k 8 67% WEO 3 13% 0.5 ieee BOI tOn o25eee elect 22% 0.5 4 41 1.4 0.9 226110) 350044) 5 204 0:7 D 15 0.5 0.5 B5TatOm sybeer ake 16 0.4 I 5 0.2 On7 376 to 400... iar | 6 OM Bhatia one tell beekea bee eran p aaa OnE HOWMLON AS ee 2 9 0.2 2 II 0.4 0.6 426 to 450... 2 II OG Hel Hea aerate Peet ere al toms 0, - 0.2 ACTtOM Ay Sere I 5 OTE Gens Meee late ann ds 0.1 476 to 500... eek S| 14% On Bias wee salle wie ter tall Goo Ons Owversh5oorenwellmen ie loc cllleteae loners eeaeteeaet Occ As ea Ae lee eal oo 0.2 TABLE 30. Approximate cost per acre of barrels, picking, packing and marketing that part of the crop that was sold in barrels. No. barrels Approximate required. cost. TOO Sirs orc eA A eee ee Oe the alc ee take Sere ee 74 $44 TOO iy pve ioet 2 Sha ais, ord coat ncaae toe tees, RIOTS Rusted pera neat 19 II TOOZY perc ctor eNO eie Bick SST GEE REL OR ETC 69 4I QOS aesccgetopsrawias tiers «Gis heroes eos GE RESO ee OCR eRe 62 37 TODA Sl casks toe cehesd & 5 ote Rete PS ie ota ae na. Perea arcy et aerate 68 4I Fic. 171.—Baldwin. The standard apple of Western New York. SUMMARY. Extent of the survey.—Altogether, 564 orchards, containing 4,881 acres, were examined in Orleans county in the summer and fall of 1904. There are approximately 16,500 acres of apples in the county. Varieties—Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening are the leading vari- eties. Roxbury Russet, Tompkins King, Twenty-Ounce, Hubbardston, Northern Spy, Duchess of Oldenburg and a few other varieties, are also commonly grown but are all secondary in extent to the Baldwin and Greening. Tillage—Eleven per cent of the orchards have been tilled five or more years ; 33 per cent have been in sod five or more years; the others have been tilled part of the time. The five-year average yield of orchards that have been tilled ten years is 86 per cent larger than that of those which have been in sod ten or more vears, and those tilled five years gave 34 per cent larger yield than those in sod five years. A part of this difference is due to tillage and a part is due to the fact that the man who tills his orchard is likely to give it improved care in other respects. “Of the orchards that were well cared for in other respects, the ones that have been tilled ten or more years gave 45 per cent larger yield than those that were in sod ten or more years, and those tilled five or more years gave 15 per cent larger yield than those in sod the same period. The average prices per bushel have been a little larger from tilled than from sod orchards, so that there is a slightly greater difference in income per acre than in yields. Of the various methods of sod treatment thus far tried, pasturing with hogs or sheep gave the largest average yields. One-fifth of the sod orchards are as good as the average tilled ones, but no method of sod treatment equals tillage in average yield or income. Fertilization.—Many farmers apply all or nearly all the manure from the farm in the orchard. Ninety-one per cent of the area is given some manure. Commercial fertilizers or wood ashes have been used in 24 per cent. The fertilizers used usually contain no nitrogen or are low in nitrogen. 497 498 BULLETIN 229. Cover-crops.—Cover-crops have been used in three per cent of the area. Common red clover and buckwheat are the most commonly used. Crimson clover, rye, vetch, rape and alfalfa are grown by some. Pruning.—Poor pruning, resulting in rotten trunks, is the cause of the premature death of many trees. The important points in pruning are: (1) The limbs should be cut close to the trunk. (2) Large limbs should not be removed without cause. (3) Paint should be used on large wounds. (4) Pruning should be done every year, rather than give the occasional “ thorough trimming.” Spraying.—Sixty-one per cent of the orchards were sprayed in 1904. One-fifth of this area was sprayed with arsenic and Bordeaux mixture. Nearly all of the remainder were sprayed with Paris green and Bordeaux mixture. In practically none of the unsprayed orchards were over half of the apples free from scab. In 56 per cent of those sprayed once, 82 per cent of those sprayed twice, and 97 per cent of those sprayed three times not over half the apples were scabby. None of the unsprayed orchards had less than 25 per cent of scab, but one-fourth of those sprayed once, two- thirds of those sprayed twice, and nine-tenths of those sprayed three times had less than this amount. The yields, per cent of the crop barreled and the income per acre are all much larger from sprayed than from unsprayed orchards. Those sprayed three times gave 31 per cent larger yield per acre andogarper cent larger income than those not sprayed. A part of the difference is doubtless due to other factors, for the unsprayed orchards are likely to be neglected in other ways. Taking only those orchards that have been well cared for, the average income per acre is: unsprayed $103; sprayed once, $139; sprayed twice, $143; sprayed three times, $184. Distance between trees——The average distance between trees in the bearing orchards is 32.4 x 32.4 feet. Only five per cent were planted over 35 x 35 feet. In nearly three-fifths of the young orchards the trees are 40 x 40 feet. In fifteen per cent of the bearing orchards half of the trees should be removed. Age of the trees—Kighty-one per cent of the orchards were planted between 1860 and 1879. Planting then practically ceased till 1899, since when it has been constantly increasing. The young orchards are largely in the north part of the county. They now amount to about eight per cent of the total apple orchard area. AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF ORLEANS County, New York. 499 The maximum yield seems to come at 45 to 50 years from the date of planting. Soils——The loamy soils seem to be best for apple production, but good apples are grown on quite sandy soils. The clay soils are likely to need drainage in order to fit them for apple-growing.